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<div>__FORCETOC__ <br />
by ''[[Patrick C Leyens]]''<br />
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== 1. Statutory auditors ==<br />
<br />
The statutory auditor examines the annual (consolidated) accounts and the annual (consolidated) report as to whether they provide a true and fair view of the company’s assets and liabilities, financial position and profit or loss. The annual auditor’s report can be unqualified or qualified. The observations of the auditor provide valuable information to investors and to internal supervisors of management.<br />
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== 2. Purpose and concept of the statutory audit ==<br />
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Auditors are information intermediaries whose services support financial intermediation ([[Financial Intermediary|financial intermediary]]). Financial intermediation in the narrow sense is predominantly conducted by banks ([[European Banking Market|European banking market]]). Banks serve to match supply of and demand for financial funds in a wide range of economic relations especially between private households and commercial entities. In essence, they compensate for differences in batch sizes, maturity, liquidity and risks by transforming assets or liabilities into different forms of assets and liabilities (transformation function). Auditors are information intermediaries or financial intermediaries in the broader sense. Their information services enable financial intermediation. [[Financial Analyst|Financial analysts]] and [[Rating Agency|rating agencies]] provide information services that are comparable in function. Financial analysts, rating agencies and auditors are considered the most important information intermediaries in financial markets. Information intermediaries verify available information, supply missing information and evaluate it in line with macroeconomic developments. Auditors provide verification services, ie the evaluation of the accuracy of financial statements.<br />
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Financial intermediaries are necessary because of the high complexity of financial products. From an economic point of view financial products exhibit strong characteristics of credence goods. Their adequacy to fulfil individual investment objectives can only be evaluated with the help of reliable, ie sufficiently objective, information. The [[Disclosure|disclosure]] of accounting information by the management of a business is subject to undisclosed filters or biases. It may be fragmentary or even deliberately inaccurate. Information asymmetries exist between capital-seeking issuers and capital-supplying investors and creditors. Auditors help to overcome the information asymmetries through their role in testing the accuracy of financial statements. <br />
<br />
The statutory audit has a dual role for [[Corporate Governance|corporate governance]]. First, the publicly accessible audit statement strengthens the level of information available to investors and enhances the disciplinary powers of the financial market. Secondly, the auditor is the most important independent source of information for non-executive directors or supervisory board members vis-à-vis'' ''executive directors or members of the management board. Hence, the external auditor serves a double role for corporate governance: he is an intermediary providing transparency to the market as well as to internal management supervision.<br />
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The auditor is sometimes considered as warranting proper entrepreneurship. However, the purpose of the statutory audit differs greatly from that of entrepreneurial supervision. In particular, the statutory assignment of the external auditor does not include the assessment of the expediency of the company’s accounting policy. This function is assigned to internal supervision through non-executive directors or the supervisory [[Board|board]].<br />
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== 3. State of European legal harmonization ==<br />
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European legal harmonization in the area of auditing—like in the area of corporate disclosure—has advanced very far. Disclosure obligations and their enforcement are at the core of European [[Company Law|company law]]. Several [[Directive|directives]] form a comprehensive system of general [[Disclosure|disclosure]] rules for businesses and their corporate structures ([[Corporate Group Law|corporate group law]]) which are complemented by sector specific rules for banks and insurance companies.<br />
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The statutory obligation to perform an annual audit was introduced into European law in 1978 by the Fourth Council Directive&nbsp;78/660 on annual accounts. In 1983, the Seventh Council Directive&nbsp;83/349 on consolidated accounts added specific requirements for groups of companies. One year later, the Eighth Council Directive 84/253—the so-called ‘Audit Directive’—laid out professional qualification requirements. It failed, however, to provide rules on independence. This gap was initially bridged in 2002 by the [[European Commission]] Recommendation setting fundamental principles for auditors’ independence ([2002] OJ L191/22). The current state of European harmonization is reflected by Dir&nbsp;2006/43 on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts passed in 2006. This so-called ‘Modernized Audit Directive’ provides for a more detailed regime than its predecessor. Besides the rules on approval and registration it also covers independence requirements stemming from the aforementioned Commission Recommendation.<br />
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The Modernized Audit Directive differentiates—in line with the general trend in European company law—between two classes of entities and applies a higher standard of financial disclosure and [[Corporate Governance|corporate governance]] to public-interest entities such as listed companies, banks and insurance companies. For that reason the directive requires the establishment of an audit committee which is charged with supervising the accounting process, the effectiveness of internal control and risk management systems, the auditing process as well as the independence of auditors. At least one member of this committee has to be independent and must possess some accounting and/or auditing expertise. This can be seen in line with the international trend to professionalize auditing committees composed of (supervisory) board directors. With respect to independence requirements, however, the codes of [[Corporate Governance|corporate governance]] ([[Private Rule-Making and Codes of Conduct|private rule making and codes of conduct]]) in some Member States are stricter up to the point that the whole committee has to be independent.<br />
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The directive lays the foundation for the recognition of the International Standards on Auditing (ISA). Like the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the ISA are drafted by a privately organized international standards board. In this and other areas of the directive, the [[European Commission]] is supported by the European Group of Auditors’ Oversight Bodies (EGAOB) appointed in 2005.<br />
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The directive requires the establishment of an external quality assurance system. At least every six years an independent quality assurance review has to take place. An annual report shall be published on the overall conclusions from the quality assurance reviews conducted during that one year. In its recommendation of May 2008 the [[European Commission]] further explained the requirements placed on external quality assurance for statutory auditors and firms auditing public interest entities ([2008] OJ L120/20). In Germany, for example, the task is performed by the Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (FREP) founded in 2004.<br />
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Member States are further obliged to establish an effective system of public oversight for statutory auditors and to ensure that regulatory arrangements for public oversight systems permit effective cooperation at the Union level. In each Member State one entity has the ultimate responsibility for the oversight of the approval and registration of statutory auditors and audit firms, the adoption of standards on professional ethics and internal quality control. Additional oversight requirements concern the continuing education of auditors as well as quality assurance and investigative and disciplinary systems. In order to avoid [[Conflicts of Interest|conflicts of interest]] and to ensure a high degree of independence the system of public oversight is to be governed almost exclusively by non-practitioners with some expertise in the areas relevant to statutory audit. In Germany, this is performed by the Auditor Oversight Commission (AOC) which is composed exclusively of non-practitioners. <br />
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An additional objective of the Modernized Auditors’ Directive is the formalisation of the transatlantic dialogue with the US Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB).<br />
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== 4. Regulatory structure and issues ==<br />
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Compared with other information intermediaries like [[Financial Analyst|financial analysts]] or [[Rating Agency|rating agencies]], provisions on the regulation of auditors are most developed. This is true for the areas of professional qualification, independence, quality assurance and oversight systems. The high degree of development reflects the considerable influence of the audit report on the chances and costs of companies to participate in the capital market. Due to this influence auditors are said to have a gatekeeper responsibility similar to that of other [[Financial Intermediary|financial intermediaries]].<br />
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A regulatory challenge derives from the strong concentration of the market for audits of large listed companies. The accounting scandal and collapse of the second largest US electricity supplier Enron in 2001 led to the breakdown of Arthur Andersen, one of the then top five auditing firms. Since then the worldwide oligopoly is comprised of only four large audit firms (or networks): KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte and Ernst & Young. These four provide the essential audit services: consultancy, support in preparing the annual accounts, audit of the annual accounts and peer review. The [[Conflicts of Interest|conflicts of interest]] between these four services are palpable, and it is apparent that each service must be provided by a different audit firm. A consequential insight is that the downfall of just one additional firm out of the top-four group would lead to dangerous disturbances of the information services structure in capital markets worldwide.<br />
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Against this background, well-balanced provisions for [[Professional Liability|professional liability]] are of special importance. In 1996, the [[European Commission]] became involved in the harmonization of auditors’ liability ([1996] OJ C321/1). Since then, numerous studies have been conducted on the subject. The predominant view is that the sometimes considerable differences, especially with regards to remedies and enforcement, do not lead to disturbances of the single market for audit services. Claims may be asserted in all Member States by the audited entity (internal liability). According to the law of some Member States such as the United Kingdom, damaged investors may not assert claims against auditors. Similarly, in Germany, claims of investors are generally precluded but in exceptional cases a third-party liability can be constructed under contract law (external liability). In France, as in most Member States, an investor may resort to liability in tort. Causality between breach of duty and damage are, however, difficult to show. In Portugal and Spain investors may resort to forms of class actions.<br />
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Attempts to harmonize auditors’ liabilities initially emanated from European [[Company Law|company law]] which aimed at improving the credibility of accounting measures by stock companies. The original draft of the Fifth Council Directive ([1972] OJ C131/49, see Art&nbsp;62) stipulated third party liability. This approach was mirrored in the first draft of the statute for the [[European Company (Societas Europaea)|European Company (''Societas Europaea'')]] ([1970] OJ C124/1, see Art&nbsp;209).<br />
<br />
However, in a move away from increasing liability and instead of attempting to further the harmonization of remedies the European Commission Recommendation of 2008 ([2008] OJ L162/39) introduces liability caps. This measure aims to enhance competition within the oligopolistic market for audits of large listed companies and to minimise the danger of a downfall of one of the big four as a consequence of high liability payments. According to the European Commission, auditors’ liabilities should be limited to an insurable amount. The Recommendation sets out the following alternatives to achieve this goal: first, the specification of a fixed maximum liability or a formula to calculate such an amount; secondly, the specification of ground rules stating that an auditor cannot be held liable together with other liable parties beyond his actual share of the damage; or thirdly, a provision allowing a contractual limitation of liability. Statutory liability caps have already been introduced in some Member States such as Germany. In some jurisdictions contractual limitations are possible, eg in the United Kingdom. It is likely that caps will be raised in Member States where low maximum limits for claims regarding the audit of stock companies apply. To give an example: the liability in Germany is capped at €4 million whereas in Austria the limit is €12 million.<br />
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== 5. Prospects of harmonization ==<br />
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In October 2010 the [[European Commission]] published the green paper ‘Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis’ (COM[2010] 561 final) to open a debate on the role of the auditor, the governance and the independence of audit firms, the supervision of auditors, the configuration of the audit market, the creation of a single market for the provision of audit services, the simplification of rules for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and practitioners (SMPs) and the scope of international co-operation for the supervision of global audit networks. <br />
<br />
The prospects of harmonization accordingly relate mainly to the subjects raised already by the Modernized Audit Directive. In particular, the European Commission considers reviewing the provisions on the control of ownership and voting rights under the directive. The directive stipulates that approved auditors have to hold the majority of the shares and control the administrative or management body. A liberalization of these rules could encourage the growth of medium-sized audit companies by non-auditor investors. At the same time, this holds risks for the integrity of the auditors’ profession as a whole.<br />
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The European Commission will further take interest in the recommendations, reports and studies of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), which address financial intermediation within and beyond the subject of audit. This is essential also for strengthening communication and cooperation with non-European states.<br />
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From a broader perspective it has to be decided whether and to what extent auditing should be used as an integral element of a comprehensive system of market access control through information intermediaries (gatekeeping). This is a fundamental question for regulation which is applicable not only to auditors but to all information intermediaries.<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
Linda E De Angelo, ‘Auditor Independence, “Low Balling”, and Disclosure Regulation’ (1981) 3 Journal of Accounting and Economics 113; Frank Partnoy, ‘Barbarians at the Gatekeepers?’ (2001) 79 Washington University Law Quarterly 491; Jörg Baetge and Marcus Lutter (eds), Abschlussprüfung und Corporate Governance (2003); Werner F Ebke, ‘Corporate Governance and Auditor Independence: The Battle of the Private Versus the Public Interest’ in Guido Ferrarini and others (eds), Reforming Company and Takeover Law in Europe (2004) 507; John Armour and Joseph A McCahery (eds), ''After Enron'','' Improving Corporate Law and Modernising Securities Regulation in Europe and the US'' (2006); John C Coffee, Gatekeepers (2006); London Economics in association with Ralf Ewert, Study on the Economic Impact of Auditors’ Liability Regimes (MARKT/2005/24/F) (2006) <nowiki><http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/auditing/docs/liability/auditors-final-report_en.pdf></nowiki>; Walter Doralt and others, ‘Auditor’s Liability and its Impact on the European Financial Markets’ (2008) 67 Cambridge LJ 62; Walter Doralt and others, ‘Max Planck Institute Working Group on Auditor Independence—Comments on the European Commission Green Paper: Audit Policy—Lessons from the Crisis’, Max Planck Private Law Research Paper No 10/24 (2010) <nowiki><http://ssrn.com/abstract=1723039;</nowiki> Patrick C Leyens, ‘Intermediary Independence: Auditors, Financial Analysts and Rating-Agencies’ (2011) 11 Journal of Corporate Law Studies 33, earlier version in German: ‘Unabhängigkeit der Informationsintermediäre zwischen Vertrag und Markt’ in Harald Baum and others (eds), Perspektiven des Wirtschaftsrechts—Beiträge für Klaus J Hopt (2008) 423.</div><br />
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Soon after its publication, readers and contributors pointed out that the encyclopedic format virtually demanded a re-edition in the form of an online tool. The publisher of the book, Oxford University Press, has kindly consented to such endeavours of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, where the work originated. The result is “Max-EuP 2012”, and hopes are high that it will be appreciated as much as its German predecessor, the [https://hwb-eup2009.mpipriv.de “Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts” (HWB-EuP 2009)]. It is worth mentioning that each entry is linked to its counterpart in the German online edition and vice versa, thereby providing guidance for researchers and others who face issues of terminology and translation in the field of European private law.</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=How_to_use&diff=6245How to use2021-11-01T12:39:52Z<p>Admin: /* Internal References */</p>
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<div><div class="floatright"> https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/img/maxeup200px.png </div><br />
The “Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law” first appeared in 2012 in two printed volumes comprising more than 2,000 pages and nearly 500 structured entries. Based on the Institute’s expertise in the fields of comparative law and legal history and with recourse to comparative material available at the time of its initial publication, the entries explored current developments and harmonization projects in all areas of private law. Since then, the Encyclopedia has provided an overview of European private law and served as a resource for academics, practitioners, and politicians alike. Particularly useful are references to pertinent norms, the case law of European and international courts, and further reading material. In line with its format as an encyclopedia, entries are grouped in alphabetical order, each including numerous cross-references to other entries.<br />
<br />
Soon after its publication, readers and contributors pointed out that the encyclopedic format virtually demanded a re-edition in the form of an online tool. The publisher of the book, Oxford University Press, has kindly consented to such endeavours of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, where the work originated. The result is “Max-EuP 2012”, and hopes are high that it will be appreciated as much as its German predecessor, the [https://hwb-eup2009.mpipriv.de “Handwörterbuch des Europäischen Privatrechts” (HWB-EuP 2009)].<br />
<br />
It is worth mentioning that each entry is linked to its counterpart in the German online edition and vice versa, thereby providing guidance for researchers and others who face issues of terminology and translation in the field of European private law.</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=6241MediaWiki:Sidebar2021-11-01T12:36:59Z<p>Admin: </p>
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[https://thenounproject.com/term/encyclopedia/4185691 "Encyclopedia"] by Rudolf Horaczek from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project] (for the logo and the favicon)<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/printer/39451/ "Printer"] by Yorlmar Campos from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/sign-post/152363 "sign post"] by Ema Dimitrova from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
All icons are licensed under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)].</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Imprint&diff=6235Imprint2021-10-29T15:15:36Z<p>Admin: /* Technically responsible */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
The following provides mandatory data concerning the provider of this website, obligations with regard to data protection, as well as other important legal references involving the Internet site of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (www.mpipriv.de) as required by German law.<br />
<br />
== Provider ==<br />
The provider of this Internet site within the legal meaning of the term is the registered association Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science e.V<br />
<br />
== Address ==<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8 D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108 - 0<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
== Register of Societies and Associations ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is registered in the Official Register of Societies and Associations at Berlin-Charlottenburg Local Court under the register number VR 13378 B.<br />
<br />
== Representatives ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is legally represented by its Board of Directors which, in turn, is represented by the President of the Society, Prof. Dr. Martin Stratmann and by Secretary General Rüdiger Willems.<br />
<br />
== Value Added Tax Identification Number ==<br />
The value added tax identification number of the Max Planck Society is DE 129517720.<br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
Responsible editors for the contents of the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law einfügen Max-EuP 2012 (https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de) with regard to media law:<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Ralf Michaels (Managing Director)<br /><br />
Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law<br /><br />
Mittelweg 187<br /><br />
D-20148 Hamburg<br /><br />
[mailto:michaels@mpipriv.de michaels@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
=== Technically responsible ===<br />
Technically responsible for the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law:<br />
<br />
David Schröder-Micheel<br /><br />
E-Mail: [mailto:micheel@mpipriv.de micheel@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
== Legal Structure ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is a non-profit research facility which is organized as a registered association. All of the institutes and facilities of the Max Planck Society are largely autonomous in terms of organization and research, but as a rule have no legal capacity of their own.<br />
<br />
== Foreign Language Pages ==<br />
To the extent that parts of this Internet site are offered in languages other than German, this represents a service exclusively for staff and guests of the Max Planck Society who are not proficient in German.<br />
<br />
== Liability for Contents of Online Information ==<br />
As the provider of contents in accordance with Section 7 Paragraph 1 of the Tele-Media Law, the Max Planck Society shall be responsible for any contents which it makes available for use in accordance with general legal provisions. The Max Planck Society makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information on this Web site. Nevertheless, errors and inaccuracies cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, the Max Planck Society does not assume any liability for the relevance, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided. The Max Planck Society shall not be liable for damage of a tangible or intangible nature caused directly or indirectly through the use or failure to use the information offered and/or through the use of faulty or incomplete information unless it is verifiably culpable of intent or gross negligence. The same shall apply to any downloadable software available free of charge. The Max Planck Society reserves the right to modify, supplement, or delete any or all of the information offered on its Internet site, or to temporarily or permanently cease publication thereof without prior and separate notification.<br />
<br />
== Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties ==<br />
This Internet site includes links to external pages. These external links are designated as follows: https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/img/external-ltr.png. The respective provider shall be responsible for the contents of any linked external pages. In establishing the initial link, the Max Planck Society has reviewed the respective external content in order to determine whether such link entailed possible civil or criminal responsibility. However, a constant review of linked external pages is unreasonable without concrete reason to believe that a violation of the law may be involved. If the Max Planck Society determines such or it is pointed out by others that an external offer to which it is connected via a link entails civil or criminal responsibility, then the Max Planck Society will immediately eliminate any link to this offer. The Max Planck Society expressly dissociates itself from such contents.<br />
<br />
== Icon Credits ==<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/email/1740158 "Email"] by Barracuda from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/encyclopedia/4185691 "Encyclopedia"] by Rudolf Horaczek from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project] (for the logo and the favicon)<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/printer/39451/ "Printer"] by Yorlmar Campos from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/sign-post/152363 "sign post"] by Ema Dimitrova from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
All icons are licensed under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)].</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Imprint&diff=6233Imprint2021-10-29T15:14:48Z<p>Admin: /* Editors */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
The following provides mandatory data concerning the provider of this website, obligations with regard to data protection, as well as other important legal references involving the Internet site of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (www.mpipriv.de) as required by German law.<br />
<br />
== Provider ==<br />
The provider of this Internet site within the legal meaning of the term is the registered association Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science e.V<br />
<br />
== Address ==<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8 D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108 - 0<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
== Register of Societies and Associations ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is registered in the Official Register of Societies and Associations at Berlin-Charlottenburg Local Court under the register number VR 13378 B.<br />
<br />
== Representatives ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is legally represented by its Board of Directors which, in turn, is represented by the President of the Society, Prof. Dr. Martin Stratmann and by Secretary General Rüdiger Willems.<br />
<br />
== Value Added Tax Identification Number ==<br />
The value added tax identification number of the Max Planck Society is DE 129517720.<br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
Responsible editors for the contents of the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law einfügen Max-EuP 2012 (https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de) with regard to media law:<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Ralf Michaels (Managing Director)<br /><br />
Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law<br /><br />
Mittelweg 187<br /><br />
D-20148 Hamburg<br /><br />
[mailto:michaels@mpipriv.de michaels@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
=== Technically responsible ===<br />
Technically responsible for the website of the (Institutsnamen einfügen):<br />
<br />
David Schröder-Micheel<br /><br />
E-Mail: [mailto:micheel@mpipriv.de micheel@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
== Legal Structure ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is a non-profit research facility which is organized as a registered association. All of the institutes and facilities of the Max Planck Society are largely autonomous in terms of organization and research, but as a rule have no legal capacity of their own.<br />
<br />
== Foreign Language Pages ==<br />
To the extent that parts of this Internet site are offered in languages other than German, this represents a service exclusively for staff and guests of the Max Planck Society who are not proficient in German.<br />
<br />
== Liability for Contents of Online Information ==<br />
As the provider of contents in accordance with Section 7 Paragraph 1 of the Tele-Media Law, the Max Planck Society shall be responsible for any contents which it makes available for use in accordance with general legal provisions. The Max Planck Society makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information on this Web site. Nevertheless, errors and inaccuracies cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, the Max Planck Society does not assume any liability for the relevance, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided. The Max Planck Society shall not be liable for damage of a tangible or intangible nature caused directly or indirectly through the use or failure to use the information offered and/or through the use of faulty or incomplete information unless it is verifiably culpable of intent or gross negligence. The same shall apply to any downloadable software available free of charge. The Max Planck Society reserves the right to modify, supplement, or delete any or all of the information offered on its Internet site, or to temporarily or permanently cease publication thereof without prior and separate notification.<br />
<br />
== Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties ==<br />
This Internet site includes links to external pages. These external links are designated as follows: https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/img/external-ltr.png. The respective provider shall be responsible for the contents of any linked external pages. In establishing the initial link, the Max Planck Society has reviewed the respective external content in order to determine whether such link entailed possible civil or criminal responsibility. However, a constant review of linked external pages is unreasonable without concrete reason to believe that a violation of the law may be involved. If the Max Planck Society determines such or it is pointed out by others that an external offer to which it is connected via a link entails civil or criminal responsibility, then the Max Planck Society will immediately eliminate any link to this offer. The Max Planck Society expressly dissociates itself from such contents.<br />
<br />
== Icon Credits ==<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/email/1740158 "Email"] by Barracuda from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/encyclopedia/4185691 "Encyclopedia"] by Rudolf Horaczek from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project] (for the logo and the favicon)<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/printer/39451/ "Printer"] by Yorlmar Campos from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/sign-post/152363 "sign post"] by Ema Dimitrova from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
All icons are licensed under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)].</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Information&diff=6231Data Protection Information2021-10-29T11:03:08Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG) takes the protection of your personal data very seriously. We process personal data collected during visits to our website, observing the currently valid provisions under data protection law as amended. Your data is neither published by us, nor disclosed to third parties on an unauthorised basis. In the following, we will explain which data we record during your visit to our webpages and exactly how we use it.<br />
<br />
== A. General details ==<br />
<br />
=== 1. Scope of data processing ===<br />
We only ever collect and use personal data to the extent required in order to provide a functional website which presents our content and services. The collection and utilization of our users' personal data is carried out regularly based on the users' consent. An exception applies in instances where processing of the data is permitted by statutory provisions.<br />
<br />
=== 2. Legal basis for data processing ===<br />
<br />
If we obtain the consent of the data subject to carry out personal data processing operations, the legal basis is Article 6, para. 1, lit. a EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).<br />
<br />
When it is necessary to process personal data in order to fulfil a contract whose contractual party is the data subject, the legal basis is Article 6, para. 1, lit. b GDPR. This also applies to processing operations required in order to implement pre-contractual measures.<br />
<br />
If processing is required in order to safeguard a legitimate interest of the MPG or a third party and if the interests, fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms of the data subject override the first-mentioned interest, the legal basis for processing is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR.<br />
<br />
=== 3. Data erasure and duration of storage ===<br />
<br />
The personal data of the data subject is erased or blocked as soon as the purpose of storage no longer applies. Data can also be stored if this is required under European or national legislation in EU directives, laws or other provisions to which the MPG is subject. Data is also blocked or erased if the retention period prescribed by the above-mentioned legislation expires, unless the data is required to be stored for longer for the purpose of concluding or performing a contract.<br />
<br />
=== 4. Contact details of the controller ===<br />
<br />
The controller as defined by the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as well as other data protection laws and provisions under data protection legislation is:<br />
<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG)<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8<br /><br />
D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108-0<br /><br />
Contact form: https://www.mpg.de/kontakt/anfragen<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
=== 5. Contact details of the Data Protection Officer ===<br />
<br />
The controller's Data Protection Officer is:<br />
<br />
Heidi Schuster<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8<br /><br />
D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108-1554<br /><br />
[mailto:datenschutz@mpg.de datenschutz@mpg.de]<br />
<br />
== B. Provision of the website and creation of logfiles ==<br />
<br />
Every time our website is accessed, our servers and applications automatically log data and information from the accessing computer system.<br />
<br />
The following data is collected:<br />
<br />
*Your IP address<br />
<br />
*Date and time the page is accessed<br />
<br />
*Address of the page accessed<br />
<br />
*Address of the website visited previously (referrer)<br />
<br />
*Name and version of your browser/operating system (if transmitted)<br />
<br />
The data is saved in our systems' logfiles. This data is not saved together with other personal data relating to the user.<br />
<br />
The legal basis for the temporary saving of data and logfiles is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. Data is saved in logfiles in order to ensure the functional capability of the website. In addition, the data serves to optimize the web pages, eliminate faults and ensure the security of our IT systems. These purposes also constitute our legitimate interest in data processing according to Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR.<br />
<br />
The data is deleted as soon as it is no longer required in order to fulfil the purpose of its collection. In the case of the collection of the data for the purpose of providing the website, this applies when the session in question is finished. In the case of saving data in logfiles, this applies after a maximum of seven days. Saving of data beyond this period is possible. In this case, users' IP addresses are deleted or altered so that they can no longer be attributed to the accessing client.1<br />
<br />
Data collection for the purpose of providing the website and the saving of data in logfiles are absolutely necessary in order to operate the website. It is therefore not possible for the user to object.<br />
<br />
== C. Web analysis ==<br />
<br />
We use the web analytics programme Matomo (formerly Piwik) for statistical data collection in relation to utilization behaviour; this programme uses cookies and JavaScript to collect various information on your computer and transmit this automatically to us. Every time our website is accessed, our system logs the following data and information from the accessing computer system:<br />
<br />
*IP address, anonymized by means of abbreviation<br />
<br />
*Two cookies to distinguish between different visitors (pk_id and pk_sess)<br />
<br />
*Previously visited URLs (referrers) if transmitted by the browser<br />
<br />
*Name and version of the operating system<br />
<br />
*Name, version and language setting of the browser<br />
<br />
The following data is also collected if JavaScript is activated:<br />
<br />
*URLs visited on this website<br />
<br />
*Times of page visits<br />
<br />
*Type of HTML requests<br />
<br />
*Screen resolution and colour depth<br />
<br />
*Technologies and formats supported by the browser (e.g. cookies, Java, Flash, PDF, WindowsMedia, QuickTime, Realplayer, Director, SilverLight, Google Gears)<br />
<br />
The saving and analysis of data is carried out solely on a central server operated by the MPG. In addition to the central website www.mpg.de, it is also used by most Max Planck Institutes and many MPG project websites.<br />
<br />
The legal basis for the processing of personal user data is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. By processing personal user data we are able to analyze our users' utilization behaviour. Analysis of the data collected enables us to compile information on the use of the individual components of our web pages. This helps us improve our websites and their user-friendliness on an ongoing basis. These purposes also constitute our legitimate interest in data processing according to Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. Anonymization of the IP address sufficiently meets the users' interest in the protection of their personal data.<br />
<br />
The data is deleted after the final annual totals have been arrived at for access statistics.<br />
<br />
Of course, you have the opportunity to object to your data being collected. The following independent methods are available to you if you wish to object to data collection by the central server:<br />
<br />
1. In your browser, activate the Do-Not-Track setting. If this setting is active, our central server does not save any of your data. Important: Do-Not-Track generally only applies to the one device and browser on which the setting is activated. If you use several devices/browsers, you must activate Do-Not-Track separately on each one.<br />
<br />
2. Use our opt-out function. Click on the check mark in the following selection box in order to stop or re-activate data collection. If the selection box is deactivated, our central server does not save any of your data. Important: We have to save a special recognition cookie in your browser for the opt-out function. If you delete this or use a different PC/browser, you have to object to data collection once again on this page.<br />
<br />
This data is not saved together with other personal data relating to the user.<br />
<br />
{{Special:IframePage}}<br />
<br />
== D. Use of cookies ==<br />
<br />
Our website uses cookies. Cookies are text files which are saved in or by the internet browser in the user's computer system. If a user accesses a website, a cookie can be saved on the user's operating system. This cookie contains a characteristic string of characters which enables definitive identification of the browser the next time the website is accessed.<br />
<br />
We use cookies in order to make our website more user-friendly. It is a technical requirement of certain elements of our website that the accessing browser can also be identified after a page change.<br />
<br />
The legal basis for the processing of personal data by means of cookies is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. The purpose of cookies that are technically necessary is to simplify use of the websites for users. Some of the functions of our website cannot be offered without the use of cookies. For these to work, the browser has to be recognized after a page change. We require cookies for the following applications:<br />
<br />
*Adoption of the browser language setting: automatic selection of the start page and spell check<br />
<br />
*Remembering of form details entered: words used in searches within the website, details entered in the contact form (Section F)<br />
<br />
The user data collected by technically required cookies is not used to create user profiles. These purposes also constitute our legitimate interest in the process of personal data according to Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR.<br />
<br />
Cookies are saved on the user's computer and transmitted by the latter to our website. For this reason, you as the user also have full control over the use of cookies. By changing the settings in your internet browser, you can deactivate or limit the transmission of cookies. Cookies which have already been saved can be deleted at any time. This can also happen on an automated basis. If cookies our deactivated for our website, the full range of functions of the website may not be entirely available for use.<br />
<br />
On our website we also use cookies that enable analysis of utilization behaviour. For details, please read the information under [[#C. Web analysis|C]].<br />
<br />
== E. Rights of data subjects ==<br />
<br />
As a data subject whose personal data is collected in connection with the above-mentioned services, you have the following fundamental rights unless legal exceptions apply in individual cases:<br />
<br />
*Access (Article 15 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Rectification (Article 16 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Erasure (Article 17, para. 1 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Restriction of processing (Article 18 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Data portability (Article 20 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Objection to processing (Article 21 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Withdrawal of consent (Article 7, para. 3 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority (Article 77 GDPR). For the MPG, this is BayLDA (Bavarian Data Protection Authority), Postfach 606, 91511 Ansbach.</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Imprint&diff=6229Imprint2021-10-29T09:08:23Z<p>Admin: /* Icon Credits */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
The following provides mandatory data concerning the provider of this website, obligations with regard to data protection, as well as other important legal references involving the Internet site of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (www.mpipriv.de) as required by German law.<br />
<br />
== Provider ==<br />
The provider of this Internet site within the legal meaning of the term is the registered association Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science e.V<br />
<br />
== Address ==<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8 D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108 - 0<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
== Register of Societies and Associations ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is registered in the Official Register of Societies and Associations at Berlin-Charlottenburg Local Court under the register number VR 13378 B.<br />
<br />
== Representatives ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is legally represented by its Board of Directors which, in turn, is represented by the President of the Society, Prof. Dr. Martin Stratmann and by Secretary General Rüdiger Willems.<br />
<br />
== Value Added Tax Identification Number ==<br />
The value added tax identification number of the Max Planck Society is DE 129517720.<br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
Responsible editors for the contents of the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law einfügen Max-EuP 2012 (https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de) with regard to media law:<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Ralf Michaels (Managing Director)<br /><br />
Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law<br /><br />
Mittelweg 187<br /><br />
D-20148 Hamburg<br /><br />
[mailto:michaels@mpipriv.de michaels@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
== Legal Structure ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is a non-profit research facility which is organized as a registered association. All of the institutes and facilities of the Max Planck Society are largely autonomous in terms of organization and research, but as a rule have no legal capacity of their own.<br />
<br />
== Foreign Language Pages ==<br />
To the extent that parts of this Internet site are offered in languages other than German, this represents a service exclusively for staff and guests of the Max Planck Society who are not proficient in German.<br />
<br />
== Liability for Contents of Online Information ==<br />
As the provider of contents in accordance with Section 7 Paragraph 1 of the Tele-Media Law, the Max Planck Society shall be responsible for any contents which it makes available for use in accordance with general legal provisions. The Max Planck Society makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information on this Web site. Nevertheless, errors and inaccuracies cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, the Max Planck Society does not assume any liability for the relevance, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided. The Max Planck Society shall not be liable for damage of a tangible or intangible nature caused directly or indirectly through the use or failure to use the information offered and/or through the use of faulty or incomplete information unless it is verifiably culpable of intent or gross negligence. The same shall apply to any downloadable software available free of charge. The Max Planck Society reserves the right to modify, supplement, or delete any or all of the information offered on its Internet site, or to temporarily or permanently cease publication thereof without prior and separate notification.<br />
<br />
== Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties ==<br />
This Internet site includes links to external pages. These external links are designated as follows: https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/img/external-ltr.png. The respective provider shall be responsible for the contents of any linked external pages. In establishing the initial link, the Max Planck Society has reviewed the respective external content in order to determine whether such link entailed possible civil or criminal responsibility. However, a constant review of linked external pages is unreasonable without concrete reason to believe that a violation of the law may be involved. If the Max Planck Society determines such or it is pointed out by others that an external offer to which it is connected via a link entails civil or criminal responsibility, then the Max Planck Society will immediately eliminate any link to this offer. The Max Planck Society expressly dissociates itself from such contents.<br />
<br />
== Icon Credits ==<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/email/1740158 "Email"] by Barracuda from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/encyclopedia/4185691 "Encyclopedia"] by Rudolf Horaczek from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project] (for the logo and the favicon)<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/printer/39451/ "Printer"] by Yorlmar Campos from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/sign-post/152363 "sign post"] by Ema Dimitrova from [https://thenounproject.com/ the Noun Project]<br />
<br />
All icons are licensed under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)].</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Sonja_Meier&diff=6227Sonja Meier2021-10-28T15:25:32Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Sonja Meier'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (London), Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Sonja_Meier]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Sonja_Meier}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meier, Sonja}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Sonja_Meier&diff=6225Sonja Meier2021-10-28T15:23:55Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Sonja Meier'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (London), Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Institut für ausändisches und internationales Privatrecht, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Sonja_Meier]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Sonja_Meier}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meier, Sonja}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Caroline_Kleiner&diff=6223Caroline Kleiner2021-10-28T15:21:46Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Caroline Kleiner'', Dr.iur., Professor, Université de Paris (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Caroline_Kleiner]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Caroline_Kleiner}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kleiner, Caroline}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Matthias_Leistner&diff=6221Matthias Leistner2021-10-28T15:18:23Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Matthias Leistner'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Cambridge), Professor of Private Law and Intellectual Property Law, with Information and IT-Law, LMU Munich (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Matthias_Leistner]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Matthias_Leistner}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leistner, Matthias}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Alexander_Hellgardt&diff=6219Alexander Hellgardt2021-10-28T15:13:19Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Alexander Hellgardt'', Dr.iur., B.A., LL.M. (Harvard), Professor, Chair of Private Law, Corporate Law and Jurisprudence, University of Regensburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Alexander_Hellgardt]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Alexander_Hellgardt}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hellgardt, Alexander}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Alexander_Hellgardt&diff=6217Alexander Hellgardt2021-10-28T15:09:21Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Alexander Hellgardt'', Dr.iur., B.A., LL.M. (Harvard), Professor of Private Law, Corporate Law and Jurisprudence, University of Regensburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Alexander_Hellgardt]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Alexander_Hellgardt}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hellgardt, Alexander}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Peter_Rott&diff=6215Peter Rott2021-10-28T15:07:26Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Peter Rott'', Dr.iur., Professor, Representative of the Chair of Civil Law, Commercial and Business Law and Legal Informatics, University of Oldenburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Peter_Rott]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Peter_Rott}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rott, Peter}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Ralf_Michaels&diff=6213Ralf Michaels2021-10-28T15:03:16Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Ralf Michaels'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Cambridge), Professor, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, Hamburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Ralf_Michaels]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Ralf_Michaels}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michaels, Ralf}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Bettina_Heiderhoff&diff=6211Bettina Heiderhoff2021-10-28T14:57:08Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Bettina Heiderhoff'', Dr.iur., Professor of Private Law, Private International Law and International Procedural Law, Universität Münster (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Bettina_Heiderhoff]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Bettina_Heiderhoff}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heiderhoff, Bettina}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Felix_Steffek&diff=6209Felix Steffek2021-10-28T14:48:53Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Felix Steffek'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Cambridge), Associate Professor, University of Cambridge (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Felix_Steffek]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Felix_Steffek}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Steffek, Felix}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Franco_Ferrari&diff=6207Franco Ferrari2021-10-28T14:44:23Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Franco Ferrari'', Dr.iur., Dr. h.c., LL.M. (Augsburg), Professor, Director of the Center for Transnational Litigation, Arbitration, and Commercial Law, NYU School of Law (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Franco_Ferrari]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Franco_Ferrari}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrari, Franco}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Franco_Ferrari&diff=6205Franco Ferrari2021-10-28T14:43:34Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Franco Ferrari'', Dr.iur., Dr. h.c., LL.M. (Augsburg), Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Transnational Litigation, Arbitration, and Commercial Law, NYU School of Law (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Franco_Ferrari]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Franco_Ferrari}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrari, Franco}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Sebastian_A_E_Martens&diff=6203Sebastian A E Martens2021-10-28T14:40:58Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Sebastian A E Martens'', Dr.iur., M.Jur. (Oxford), Professor, Chair of Civil Law, Roman Law, European Private Law, and European Legal History, University of Passau (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Sebastian_A._E._Martens]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Sebastian_A_E_Martens}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martens, Sebastian_A_E}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Johannes_Liebrecht&diff=6201Johannes Liebrecht2021-10-28T14:36:31Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Johannes Liebrecht'', Dr.iur., Professor of Legal History, University of Zurich (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Johannes_Liebrecht]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Johannes_Liebrecht}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liebrecht, Johannes}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Walter_Doralt&diff=6199Walter Doralt2021-10-28T14:33:32Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Walter Doralt'', Dr.iur., Professor, University of Graz (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Walter_Doralt]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Walter_Doralt}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Doralt, Walter}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Ye%C5%9Fim_M_Atamer&diff=6197Yeşim M Atamer2021-10-28T14:27:24Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Yeşim M Atamer'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Istanbul), Professor, Chair for Private, Commercial, European and Comparative Law, University of Zurich (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Yeşim_M._Atamer]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Yeşim_M_Atamer}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atamer, Yeşim_M}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Axel_Metzger&diff=6195Axel Metzger2021-10-28T14:23:46Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Axel Metzger'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Harvard), Professor of Civil Law and Intellectual Property, Humboldt-Universität Berlin (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Axel_Metzger]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Axel_Metzger}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Metzger, Axel}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Hartmut_Wicke&diff=6193Hartmut Wicke2021-10-28T14:20:38Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Hartmut Wicke'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Stellenbosch), Professor, Notary in Munich, LMU Munich (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Hartmut_Wicke]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Hartmut_Wicke}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wicke, Hartmut}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Ninon_Colneric&diff=6191Ninon Colneric2021-10-28T14:16:22Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Ninon Colneric'', Dr.iur., Professor, former Judge of the Court of Justice of the European Communities in Luxemburg (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Ninon_Colneric]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Ninon_Colneric}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colneric, Ninon}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Nils_Jansen&diff=6189Nils Jansen2021-10-28T14:14:03Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Nils Jansen'', Dr.iur., Professor of Roman Law, History of Private Law as well as German and European Private Law, Institute for Legal History, Universität Münster (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Nils_Jansen]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Nils_Jansen}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jansen, Nils}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Hannes_R%C3%B6sler&diff=6187Hannes Rösler2021-10-28T14:04:11Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Hannes Rösler'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Harvard), Professor of Civil Law, Private International Law and Comparative Law, Director at the Institute of Media and Communications Law (IMKR), University of Siegen (as of October 2021) <br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Hannes_Rösler]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Hannes_Rösler}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rösler, Hannes}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wenzel_Bulst&diff=6185Friedrich Wenzel Bulst2021-10-28T14:01:39Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Friedrich Wenzel Bulst'', Dr.iur., LL.M. (Yale), Professor, European Commission, Brussels (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Friedrich_Wenzel_Bulst]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Friedrich_Wenzel_Bulst}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulst, Friedrich_Wenzel}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Dirk_A_Verse&diff=6183Dirk A Verse2021-10-28T13:55:27Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Dirk A Verse'', Dr.iur., M.Jur. (Oxford), Professor of Private Law and Commercial Law, Director of the Institute for German and European Company and Business Law, University of Heidelberg, Germany (as of October 2021)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[de:Dirk_A._Verse]]<br />
{{Special:Whatlinkshere/Dirk_A_Verse}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Verse, Dirk A}}</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Imprint&diff=6181Imprint2021-10-28T12:14:02Z<p>Admin: /* Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
The following provides mandatory data concerning the provider of this website, obligations with regard to data protection, as well as other important legal references involving the Internet site of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (www.mpipriv.de) as required by German law.<br />
<br />
== Provider ==<br />
The provider of this Internet site within the legal meaning of the term is the registered association Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science e.V<br />
<br />
== Address ==<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8 D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108 - 0<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
== Register of Societies and Associations ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is registered in the Official Register of Societies and Associations at Berlin-Charlottenburg Local Court under the register number VR 13378 B.<br />
<br />
== Representatives ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is legally represented by its Board of Directors which, in turn, is represented by the President of the Society, Prof. Dr. Martin Stratmann and by Secretary General Rüdiger Willems.<br />
<br />
== Value Added Tax Identification Number ==<br />
The value added tax identification number of the Max Planck Society is DE 129517720.<br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
Responsible editors for the contents of the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law einfügen Max-EuP 2012 (https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de) with regard to media law:<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Ralf Michaels (Managing Director)<br /><br />
Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law<br /><br />
Mittelweg 187<br /><br />
D-20148 Hamburg<br /><br />
[mailto:michaels@mpipriv.de michaels@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
== Legal Structure ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is a non-profit research facility which is organized as a registered association. All of the institutes and facilities of the Max Planck Society are largely autonomous in terms of organization and research, but as a rule have no legal capacity of their own.<br />
<br />
== Foreign Language Pages ==<br />
To the extent that parts of this Internet site are offered in languages other than German, this represents a service exclusively for staff and guests of the Max Planck Society who are not proficient in German.<br />
<br />
== Liability for Contents of Online Information ==<br />
As the provider of contents in accordance with Section 7 Paragraph 1 of the Tele-Media Law, the Max Planck Society shall be responsible for any contents which it makes available for use in accordance with general legal provisions. The Max Planck Society makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information on this Web site. Nevertheless, errors and inaccuracies cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, the Max Planck Society does not assume any liability for the relevance, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided. The Max Planck Society shall not be liable for damage of a tangible or intangible nature caused directly or indirectly through the use or failure to use the information offered and/or through the use of faulty or incomplete information unless it is verifiably culpable of intent or gross negligence. The same shall apply to any downloadable software available free of charge. The Max Planck Society reserves the right to modify, supplement, or delete any or all of the information offered on its Internet site, or to temporarily or permanently cease publication thereof without prior and separate notification.<br />
<br />
== Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties ==<br />
This Internet site includes links to external pages. These external links are designated as follows: https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/img/external-ltr.png. The respective provider shall be responsible for the contents of any linked external pages. In establishing the initial link, the Max Planck Society has reviewed the respective external content in order to determine whether such link entailed possible civil or criminal responsibility. However, a constant review of linked external pages is unreasonable without concrete reason to believe that a violation of the law may be involved. If the Max Planck Society determines such or it is pointed out by others that an external offer to which it is connected via a link entails civil or criminal responsibility, then the Max Planck Society will immediately eliminate any link to this offer. The Max Planck Society expressly dissociates itself from such contents.<br />
<br />
== Icon Credits ==<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/email/1740158 "Email"] by Barracuda from the Noun Project<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/encyclopedia/4185691 "Encyclopedia"] by Rudolf Horaczek from the Noun Project (for the logo and the favicon)<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/printer/39451/ "Printer"] by Yorlmar Campos from the Noun Project<br />
<br />
[https://thenounproject.com/term/sign-post/152363 "sign post"] by Ema Dimitrova from the Noun Project<br />
<br />
All icons are licensed under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)].</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Imprint&diff=6179Imprint2021-10-28T10:58:45Z<p>Admin: /* Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
The following provides mandatory data concerning the provider of this website, obligations with regard to data protection, as well as other important legal references involving the Internet site of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (www.mpipriv.de) as required by German law.<br />
<br />
== Provider ==<br />
The provider of this Internet site within the legal meaning of the term is the registered association Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science e.V<br />
<br />
== Address ==<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8 D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108 - 0<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
== Register of Societies and Associations ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is registered in the Official Register of Societies and Associations at Berlin-Charlottenburg Local Court under the register number VR 13378 B.<br />
<br />
== Representatives ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is legally represented by its Board of Directors which, in turn, is represented by the President of the Society, Prof. Dr. Martin Stratmann and by Secretary General Rüdiger Willems.<br />
<br />
== Value Added Tax Identification Number ==<br />
The value added tax identification number of the Max Planck Society is DE 129517720.<br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
Responsible editors for the contents of the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law einfügen Max-EuP 2012 (https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de) with regard to media law:<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Ralf Michaels (Managing Director)<br /><br />
Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law<br /><br />
Mittelweg 187<br /><br />
D-20148 Hamburg<br /><br />
[mailto:michaels@mpipriv.de michaels@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
== Legal Structure ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is a non-profit research facility which is organized as a registered association. All of the institutes and facilities of the Max Planck Society are largely autonomous in terms of organization and research, but as a rule have no legal capacity of their own.<br />
<br />
== Foreign Language Pages ==<br />
To the extent that parts of this Internet site are offered in languages other than German, this represents a service exclusively for staff and guests of the Max Planck Society who are not proficient in German.<br />
<br />
== Liability for Contents of Online Information ==<br />
As the provider of contents in accordance with Section 7 Paragraph 1 of the Tele-Media Law, the Max Planck Society shall be responsible for any contents which it makes available for use in accordance with general legal provisions. The Max Planck Society makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information on this Web site. Nevertheless, errors and inaccuracies cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, the Max Planck Society does not assume any liability for the relevance, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided. The Max Planck Society shall not be liable for damage of a tangible or intangible nature caused directly or indirectly through the use or failure to use the information offered and/or through the use of faulty or incomplete information unless it is verifiably culpable of intent or gross negligence. The same shall apply to any downloadable software available free of charge. The Max Planck Society reserves the right to modify, supplement, or delete any or all of the information offered on its Internet site, or to temporarily or permanently cease publication thereof without prior and separate notification.<br />
<br />
== Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties ==<br />
This Internet site includes links to external pages. These external links are designated as follows: https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/img/external-ltr.png. The respective provider shall be responsible for the contents of any linked external pages. In establishing the initial link, the Max Planck Society has reviewed the respective external content in order to determine whether such link entailed possible civil or criminal responsibility. However, a constant review of linked external pages is unreasonable without concrete reason to believe that a violation of the law may be involved. If the Max Planck Society determines such or it is pointed out by others that an external offer to which it is connected via a link entails civil or criminal responsibility, then the Max Planck Society will immediately eliminate any link to this offer. The Max Planck Society expressly dissociates itself from such contents.</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Imprint&diff=6177Imprint2021-10-28T10:55:14Z<p>Admin: /* Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
The following provides mandatory data concerning the provider of this website, obligations with regard to data protection, as well as other important legal references involving the Internet site of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (www.mpipriv.de) as required by German law.<br />
<br />
== Provider ==<br />
The provider of this Internet site within the legal meaning of the term is the registered association Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science e.V<br />
<br />
== Address ==<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8 D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108 - 0<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
== Register of Societies and Associations ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is registered in the Official Register of Societies and Associations at Berlin-Charlottenburg Local Court under the register number VR 13378 B.<br />
<br />
== Representatives ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is legally represented by its Board of Directors which, in turn, is represented by the President of the Society, Prof. Dr. Martin Stratmann and by Secretary General Rüdiger Willems.<br />
<br />
== Value Added Tax Identification Number ==<br />
The value added tax identification number of the Max Planck Society is DE 129517720.<br />
<br />
== Editors ==<br />
Responsible editors for the contents of the website of the Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law einfügen Max-EuP 2012 (https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de) with regard to media law:<br />
<br />
Prof. Dr. Ralf Michaels (Managing Director)<br /><br />
Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law<br /><br />
Mittelweg 187<br /><br />
D-20148 Hamburg<br /><br />
[mailto:michaels@mpipriv.de michaels@mpipriv.de]<br />
<br />
== Legal Structure ==<br />
The Max Planck Society is a non-profit research facility which is organized as a registered association. All of the institutes and facilities of the Max Planck Society are largely autonomous in terms of organization and research, but as a rule have no legal capacity of their own.<br />
<br />
== Foreign Language Pages ==<br />
To the extent that parts of this Internet site are offered in languages other than German, this represents a service exclusively for staff and guests of the Max Planck Society who are not proficient in German.<br />
<br />
== Liability for Contents of Online Information ==<br />
As the provider of contents in accordance with Section 7 Paragraph 1 of the Tele-Media Law, the Max Planck Society shall be responsible for any contents which it makes available for use in accordance with general legal provisions. The Max Planck Society makes every effort to provide timely and accurate information on this Web site. Nevertheless, errors and inaccuracies cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, the Max Planck Society does not assume any liability for the relevance, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided. The Max Planck Society shall not be liable for damage of a tangible or intangible nature caused directly or indirectly through the use or failure to use the information offered and/or through the use of faulty or incomplete information unless it is verifiably culpable of intent or gross negligence. The same shall apply to any downloadable software available free of charge. The Max Planck Society reserves the right to modify, supplement, or delete any or all of the information offered on its Internet site, or to temporarily or permanently cease publication thereof without prior and separate notification.<br />
<br />
== Links to Internet Sites of Third Parties ==<br />
This Internet site includes links to external pages. These external links are designated as follows: https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/external-ltr.svg . The respective provider shall be responsible for the contents of any linked external pages. In establishing the initial link, the Max Planck Society has reviewed the respective external content in order to determine whether such link entailed possible civil or criminal responsibility. However, a constant review of linked external pages is unreasonable without concrete reason to believe that a violation of the law may be involved. If the Max Planck Society determines such or it is pointed out by others that an external offer to which it is connected via a link entails civil or criminal responsibility, then the Max Planck Society will immediately eliminate any link to this offer. The Max Planck Society expressly dissociates itself from such contents.</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Information&diff=6175Data Protection Information2021-10-28T10:47:27Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG) takes the protection of your personal data very seriously. We process personal data collected during visits to our website, observing the currently valid provisions under data protection law as amended. Your data is neither published by us, nor disclosed to third parties on an unauthorised basis. In the following, we will explain which data we record during your visit to our webpages and exactly how we use it.<br />
<br />
== A. General details ==<br />
<br />
=== 1. Scope of data processing ===<br />
We only ever collect and use personal data to the extent required in order to provide a functional website which presents our content and services. The collection and utilization of our users' personal data is carried out regularly based on the users' consent. An exception applies in instances where processing of the data is permitted by statutory provisions.<br />
<br />
=== 2. Legal basis for data processing ===<br />
<br />
If we obtain the consent of the data subject to carry out personal data processing operations, the legal basis is Article 6, para. 1, lit. a EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).<br />
<br />
When it is necessary to process personal data in order to fulfil a contract whose contractual party is the data subject, the legal basis is Article 6, para. 1, lit. b GDPR. This also applies to processing operations required in order to implement pre-contractual measures.<br />
<br />
If processing is required in order to safeguard a legitimate interest of the MPG or a third party and if the interests, fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms of the data subject override the first-mentioned interest, the legal basis for processing is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR.<br />
<br />
=== 3. Data erasure and duration of storage ===<br />
<br />
The personal data of the data subject is erased or blocked as soon as the purpose of storage no longer applies. Data can also be stored if this is required under European or national legislation in EU directives, laws or other provisions to which the MPG is subject. Data is also blocked or erased if the retention period prescribed by the above-mentioned legislation expires, unless the data is required to be stored for longer for the purpose of concluding or performing a contract.<br />
<br />
=== 4. Contact details of the controller ===<br />
<br />
The controller as defined by the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as well as other data protection laws and provisions under data protection legislation is:<br />
<br />
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG)<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8<br /><br />
D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108-0<br /><br />
Contact form: https://www.mpg.de/kontakt/anfragen<br /><br />
Internet: https://www.mpg.de<br />
<br />
=== 5. Contact details of the Data Protection Officer ===<br />
<br />
The controller's Data Protection Officer is:<br />
<br />
Heidi Schuster<br /><br />
Hofgartenstraße 8<br /><br />
D-80539 Munich<br /><br />
Phone: +49 (89) 2108-1554<br /><br />
[mailto:datenschutz@mpg.de datenschutz@mpg.de]<br />
<br />
== B. Provision of the website and creation of logfiles ==<br />
<br />
Every time our website is accessed, our servers and applications automatically log data and information from the accessing computer system.<br />
<br />
The following data is collected:<br />
<br />
*Your IP address<br />
<br />
*Date and time the page is accessed<br />
<br />
*Address of the page accessed<br />
<br />
*Address of the website visited previously (referrer)<br />
<br />
*Name and version of your browser/operating system (if transmitted)<br />
<br />
The data is saved in our systems' logfiles. This data is not saved together with other personal data relating to the user.<br />
<br />
The legal basis for the temporary saving of data and logfiles is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. Data is saved in logfiles in order to ensure the functional capability of the website. In addition, the data serves to optimize the web pages, eliminate faults and ensure the security of our IT systems. These purposes also constitute our legitimate interest in data processing according to Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR.<br />
<br />
The data is deleted as soon as it is no longer required in order to fulfil the purpose of its collection. In the case of the collection of the data for the purpose of providing the website, this applies when the session in question is finished. In the case of saving data in logfiles, this applies after a maximum of seven days. Saving of data beyond this period is possible. In this case, users' IP addresses are deleted or altered so that they can no longer be attributed to the accessing client.1<br />
<br />
Data collection for the purpose of providing the website and the saving of data in logfiles are absolutely necessary in order to operate the website. It is therefore not possible for the user to object.<br />
<br />
== C. Web analysis ==<br />
<br />
We use the web analytics programme Matomo (formerly Piwik) for statistical data collection in relation to utilization behaviour; this programme uses cookies and JavaScript to collect various information on your computer and transmit this automatically to us. Every time our website is accessed, our system logs the following data and information from the accessing computer system:<br />
<br />
*IP address, anonymized by means of abbreviation<br />
<br />
*Two cookies to distinguish between different visitors (pk_id and pk_sess)<br />
<br />
*Previously visited URLs (referrers) if transmitted by the browser<br />
<br />
*Name and version of the operating system<br />
<br />
*Name, version and language setting of the browser<br />
<br />
The following data is also collected if JavaScript is activated:<br />
<br />
*URLs visited on this website<br />
<br />
*Times of page visits<br />
<br />
*Type of HTML requests<br />
<br />
*Screen resolution and colour depth<br />
<br />
*Technologies and formats supported by the browser (e.g. cookies, Java, Flash, PDF, WindowsMedia, QuickTime, Realplayer, Director, SilverLight, Google Gears)<br />
<br />
The saving and analysis of data is carried out solely on a central server operated by the MPG. In addition to the central website www.mpg.de, it is also used by most Max Planck Institutes and many MPG project websites.<br />
<br />
The legal basis for the processing of personal user data is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. By processing personal user data we are able to analyze our users' utilization behaviour. Analysis of the data collected enables us to compile information on the use of the individual components of our web pages. This helps us improve our websites and their user-friendliness on an ongoing basis. These purposes also constitute our legitimate interest in data processing according to Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. Anonymization of the IP address sufficiently meets the users' interest in the protection of their personal data.<br />
<br />
The data is deleted after the final annual totals have been arrived at for access statistics.<br />
<br />
Of course, you have the opportunity to object to your data being collected. The following independent methods are available to you if you wish to object to data collection by the central server:<br />
<br />
1. In your browser, activate the Do-Not-Track setting. If this setting is active, our central server does not save any of your data. Important: Do-Not-Track generally only applies to the one device and browser on which the setting is activated. If you use several devices/browsers, you must activate Do-Not-Track separately on each one.<br />
<br />
2. Use our opt-out function. Click on the check mark in the following selection box in order to stop or re-activate data collection. If the selection box is deactivated, our central server does not save any of your data. Important: We have to save a special recognition cookie in your browser for the opt-out function. If you delete this or use a different PC/browser, you have to object to data collection once again on this page.<br />
<br />
This data is not saved together with other personal data relating to the user.<br />
<br />
{{Special:IframePage}}<br />
<br />
== D. Use of cookies ==<br />
<br />
Our website uses cookies. Cookies are text files which are saved in or by the internet browser in the user's computer system. If a user accesses a website, a cookie can be saved on the user's operating system. This cookie contains a characteristic string of characters which enables definitive identification of the browser the next time the website is accessed.<br />
<br />
We use cookies in order to make our website more user-friendly. It is a technical requirement of certain elements of our website that the accessing browser can also be identified after a page change. The following data is saved and transmitted in cookies:<br />
<br />
*Language settings (localization) of the browser: Sessioncookie i18next<br />
<br />
*Session data (click series, pages accessed, current language and any error messages on forms: Sessioncookie mpg_session_r<br />
<br />
Both cookies are deleted when the session is closed.<br />
<br />
The legal basis for the processing of personal data by means of cookies is Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR. The purpose of cookies that are technically necessary is to simplify use of the websites for users. Some of the functions of our website cannot be offered without the use of cookies. For these to work, the browser has to be recognized after a page change. We require cookies for the following applications:<br />
<br />
*Adoption of the browser language setting: automatic selection of the start page and spell check<br />
<br />
*Remembering of form details entered: words used in searches within the website, details entered in the contact form (Section F)<br />
<br />
The user data collected by technically required cookies is not used to create user profiles. These purposes also constitute our legitimate interest in the process of personal data according to Article 6, para. 1, lit. f GDPR.<br />
<br />
Cookies are saved on the user's computer and transmitted by the latter to our website. For this reason, you as the user also have full control over the use of cookies. By changing the settings in your internet browser, you can deactivate or limit the transmission of cookies. Cookies which have already been saved can be deleted at any time. This can also happen on an automated basis. If cookies our deactivated for our website, the full range of functions of the website may not be entirely available for use.<br />
<br />
On our website we also use cookies that enable analysis of utilization behaviour. For details, please read the information under [[#C. Web analysis|C]].<br />
<br />
== E. Rights of data subjects ==<br />
<br />
As a data subject whose personal data is collected in connection with the above-mentioned services, you have the following fundamental rights unless legal exceptions apply in individual cases:<br />
<br />
*Access (Article 15 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Rectification (Article 16 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Erasure (Article 17, para. 1 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Restriction of processing (Article 18 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Data portability (Article 20 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Objection to processing (Article 21 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Withdrawal of consent (Article 7, para. 3 GDPR)<br />
<br />
*Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority (Article 77 GDPR). For the MPG, this is BayLDA (Bavarian Data Protection Authority), Postfach 606, 91511 Ansbach.</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Cookiewarning-more-link&diff=6173MediaWiki:Cookiewarning-more-link2021-10-28T10:45:27Z<p>Admin: Created page with "Data_Protection_Information"</p>
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<div>Data_Protection_Information</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=6171Main Page2021-10-28T10:20:58Z<p>Admin: Redirected page to Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Max_Planck_Encyclopedia_of_European_Private_Law]]<br />
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__NOINDEX__</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=6169Main Page2021-10-28T10:20:11Z<p>Admin: Removed redirect to Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law</p>
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<div>__NOINDEX__<br />
#REDIRECT [[Max_Planck_Encyclopedia_of_European_Private_Law]]</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Print.css&diff=6167MediaWiki:Print.css2021-10-28T10:18:27Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Max_Planck_Encyclopedia_of_European_Private_Law]]</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=How_to_use&diff=6163How to use2021-10-20T01:40:21Z<p>Admin: /* Internal References */</p>
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<div>__FORCETOC__ <br />
==Search==<br />
The search field in Max-EuP2012 enables search methods known from platforms such as Wikipedia:<br />
* Queries are made via a '''search bar''' and are activated by pressing the enter key or by clicking on the magnifying glass symbol. <br />
* As word input progresses, the search function '''suggests all matching keywords''' available in the work. <br />
* Do '''not distinguish between upper- and lower-case''' characters.<br />
* The search function uses '''whole words'''. Thus, a search for ''jurisdiction'' will not return hits for pages that contain only the word ''jurisdictional''. <br />
* Only pages containing '''all''' entered search terms will be found.<br />
* '''Word components''' can be searched for by using a '''truncation character''' (*). Thus, a search for ''jurisdiction*'' will return hits for ''jurisdictional''.<br />
* '''Phrases''' or word groups can be searched for with '''quotation marks'''. This function works only with whole words. The use of truncation characters and quotation marks cannot be combined. Thus, “conflict of law” and “conflict of law*” will not return hits for conflict of laws.<br />
<br />
==Internal References==<br />
The systematic linking of all entries functions as follows:<br />
* '''Cross-references''' to other keywords are highlighted in the text and can be accessed by clicking on them.<br />
* '''Reverse references''' to the displayed keyword can be displayed and called up via the menu icon https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/link.png.<br />
* When a keyword is also available in a German '''language version''' ([https://develop.mpipriv.de HWB-EuP 2009]), the corresponding entry can be retrieved via the menu option "In Other Languages".<br />
<br />
==Suggested Citation Style==<br />
Entries can be cited by indicating the author, link, and retrieval date based on the following '''model''':<br />
* Jürgen Basedow, <https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php/Private_International_Law_(PIL)>, Section 4 (1 January 2022).<br />
* Klaus J Hopt, <https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php/Corporate_Governance> (1 January 2022)<br />
* Reinhard Zimmermann, <https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php/Roman_Law>, Section 3 (1 January 2022)</div>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&diff=6161MediaWiki:Common.css2021-10-19T14:59:12Z<p>Admin: </p>
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