https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Greek_Civil_Code&feed=atom&action=historyGreek Civil Code - Revision history2024-03-29T12:26:38ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.36.1https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Greek_Civil_Code&diff=3615&oldid=prevJentz at 11:12, 19 August 20212021-08-19T11:12:20Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:12, 19 August 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 1. Historical predecessors ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 1. Historical predecessors ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The history of Greek law is as old as the history of the Greek people. Its beginnings date back some 3,000 years. The time before the modern Greek Civil Code (''Astikos Kodikas'') can be divided into six periods. (i)&nbsp;The ancient period ends with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and is characterized by the autonomous law of the ''poleis'', ie the various city states that were founded within the borders of ancient Greece. During this time the first legal [[codifications and law courts appeared. (ii)&nbsp;The following Hellenistic period reaches into the 4th&nbsp;century AD. During this period Greek legal thought spread beyond the borders of ancient Greece. Simultaneously, it intermingled with Roman law creating the ''ius graeco-romanum''. (iii)&nbsp;In the Byzantine epoch lasting until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Roman-Byzantine law developed. Efforts to codify the existing law intensified. Most noteworthy are the codifications under the Emperors Theodosius II (''Codex Theodosianus'') and Justinian I ([[''Corpus Juris Civilis'', Novellae). (iv)&nbsp;In 1345 a private collection of the Roman-Byzantine laws was published by the judge Konstantin Armenopoulos from Thessaloniki. The collection consisted of six books and therefore became known as the ''Hexabiblos''. It was to be used later as the foundation for the creation of the Greek Civil Code. (v)&nbsp;Under the reign of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1821, both Turkish and Byzantine law were in force, the latter being applied by ecclesiastical courts. (vi)&nbsp;After the liberation of Greece, in 1833 Otto, prince of Bavaria, ascended the throne of the newly founded Greek kingdom. Of major importance was the regulation ‘On the Civil Code’ from 23&nbsp;February/7&nbsp;March 1835 calling for the creation of a codified civil law. Moreover, the regulation stipulated the ''Hexabiblos'' of ''Armenopoulos ''to be the interim law and ordered the continued applicability of existing customary laws. At the same time several Greek regions passed their own civil codes. On the Ionian Isles, for example, the Ionian Civil Code was enacted in 1841. The code was based on Sicilian law and written in Italian, which was at the time the region’s official language. Similar codifications were passed by the islands of Samos (1899) and Crete (1904).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The history of Greek law is as old as the history of the Greek people. Its beginnings date back some 3,000 years. The time before the modern Greek Civil Code (''Astikos Kodikas'') can be divided into six periods. (i)&nbsp;The ancient period ends with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and is characterized by the autonomous law of the ''poleis'', ie the various city states that were founded within the borders of ancient Greece. During this time the first legal [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Codification|</ins>codifications<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>and law courts appeared. (ii)&nbsp;The following Hellenistic period reaches into the 4th&nbsp;century AD. During this period Greek legal thought spread beyond the borders of ancient Greece. Simultaneously, it intermingled with Roman law creating the ''ius graeco-romanum''. (iii)&nbsp;In the Byzantine epoch lasting until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Roman-Byzantine law developed. Efforts to codify the existing law intensified. Most noteworthy are the codifications under the Emperors Theodosius II (''Codex Theodosianus'') and Justinian I ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Corpus Juris Civilis|</ins>''Corpus Juris Civilis''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Novellae). (iv)&nbsp;In 1345 a private collection of the Roman-Byzantine laws was published by the judge Konstantin Armenopoulos from Thessaloniki. The collection consisted of six books and therefore became known as the ''Hexabiblos''. It was to be used later as the foundation for the creation of the Greek Civil Code. (v)&nbsp;Under the reign of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1821, both Turkish and Byzantine law were in force, the latter being applied by ecclesiastical courts. (vi)&nbsp;After the liberation of Greece, in 1833 Otto, prince of Bavaria, ascended the throne of the newly founded Greek kingdom. Of major importance was the regulation ‘On the Civil Code’ from 23&nbsp;February/7&nbsp;March 1835 calling for the creation of a codified civil law. Moreover, the regulation stipulated the ''Hexabiblos'' of ''Armenopoulos ''to be the interim law and ordered the continued applicability of existing customary laws. At the same time several Greek regions passed their own civil codes. On the Ionian Isles, for example, the Ionian Civil Code was enacted in 1841. The code was based on Sicilian law and written in Italian, which was at the time the region’s official language. Similar codifications were passed by the islands of Samos (1899) and Crete (1904).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 2. Origins of the modern Greek Civil Code ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 2. Origins of the modern Greek Civil Code ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the beginning of the 20th&nbsp;century legal chaos reigned. The outdated and fragmented ''Hexabiblos'' was still applied while, at the same time, a multitude of new laws regarding particular subjects such as labour and banking law already existed. In addition there were various regional codifications. Because of the resulting legal uncertainty, in 1930 the government of Venizelos charged a commission composed of five members with drafting a uniform civil [[codification. Based on preliminary drafts, the final draft, consisting of 2,035 articles, was written by the law professor and commission member, Georgios Balis. His text was published in 1940. Due to Italy’s attack on Greece, the Civil Code did not come into effect until 1946. By the enactment of the Civil Code, Greece finally achieved legal unity after more than 100 years. At the same time the ''Hexabiblos'', the customary laws, and the regional codifications became ineffective.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the beginning of the 20th&nbsp;century legal chaos reigned. The outdated and fragmented ''Hexabiblos'' was still applied while, at the same time, a multitude of new laws regarding particular subjects such as labour and banking law already existed. In addition there were various regional codifications. Because of the resulting legal uncertainty, in 1930 the government of Venizelos charged a commission composed of five members with drafting a uniform civil [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Codification|</ins>codification<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Based on preliminary drafts, the final draft, consisting of 2,035 articles, was written by the law professor and commission member, Georgios Balis. His text was published in 1940. Due to Italy’s attack on Greece, the Civil Code did not come into effect until 1946. By the enactment of the Civil Code, Greece finally achieved legal unity after more than 100 years. At the same time the ''Hexabiblos'', the customary laws, and the regional codifications became ineffective.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Greek Civil Code was largely influenced by the German [[''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ''(BGB). Greek lawyers’ first contact with German legal thinking took place during the rule of King Otto who was surrounded by a number of German lawyers, among them Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Gottfried Feder and Emil Herzog. Otto’s goal was to continue the efforts for a [[codification of Greek law that had begun under Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greece’s first head of state after gaining independence from Ottoman rule. The influence of German legal thought was facilitated by the fact that both German and modern Greek law share the same Roman legal tradition. Besides the BGB, the Greek Civil Code was influenced by the French, Swiss and Italian Civil Codes ([[''Code civil'', [[Swiss Civil Code (ZGB), [[''Codice civile''). Since its enactment, the Greek Civil Code has been subject to a number of reforms, especially in the fields of family law and the law of obligations, to meet the requirements of modern-day life.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Greek Civil Code was largely influenced by the German [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)|</ins>''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ''(BGB)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Greek lawyers’ first contact with German legal thinking took place during the rule of King Otto who was surrounded by a number of German lawyers, among them Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Gottfried Feder and Emil Herzog. Otto’s goal was to continue the efforts for a [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Codification|</ins>codification<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>of Greek law that had begun under Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greece’s first head of state after gaining independence from Ottoman rule. The influence of German legal thought was facilitated by the fact that both German and modern Greek law share the same Roman legal tradition. Besides the BGB, the Greek Civil Code was influenced by the French, Swiss and Italian Civil Codes ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Code Civil|</ins>''Code civil''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, [[Swiss Civil Code (ZGB)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Codice Civile|</ins>''Codice civile''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>). Since its enactment, the Greek Civil Code has been subject to a number of reforms, especially in the fields of family law and the law of obligations, to meet the requirements of modern-day life.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 3. Structure and content ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 3. Structure and content ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Greek Civil Code, like its model the German BGB, consists of five books, comprising the [[general part, the law of obligations, the law of property ([[property), family law ([[family) and the law of succession ([[succession law). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Greek Civil Code, like its model the German BGB, consists of five books, comprising the [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">General Part|</ins>general part<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, the law of obligations, the law of property ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Property|</ins>property<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>), family law ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Family|</ins>family<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>) and the law of succession ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Succession Law|</ins>succession law<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== a) General part ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== a) General part ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first book ranges from Arts&nbsp;1 to 286 and contains all the legal concepts common to the entire code ([[general part). In addition, it includes the rules of Greek [[private international law (PIL) (Arts&nbsp;4–33). Every human being enjoys rights and obligations and is vested with legal capacity (Art&nbsp;34). German law’s distinction between natural persons and legal persons is expressed in Arts&nbsp;34–60 and Arts&nbsp;61–126, respectively. Article&nbsp;2 (1) of the Greek constitution protects human dignity. From this guarantee, Art&nbsp;57 of the Greek Civil Code derives a general right to protection of one’s personality according to which anyone whose personality right is infringed may seek injunctive relief and compensation for damages from the perpetrator. The right of personality also covers the right to protection of one’s privacy, including protection against surveillance measures and unauthorized photographs. Arts&nbsp;158–166 deal with formal requirements for legal transactions ([[juridical act). Unless otherwise provided by the parties or by an express statutory order, legal transactions do not require any specific form. Other subjects covered by the first book include the [[interpretation of contracts (Arts&nbsp;185–200), [[representation (Arts&nbsp;211–235) and [[prescription and preclusion periods (Arts&nbsp;247–280).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first book ranges from Arts&nbsp;1 to 286 and contains all the legal concepts common to the entire code ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">General Part|</ins>general part<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>). In addition, it includes the rules of Greek [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Private International Law (PIL)|</ins>private international law (PIL)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>(Arts&nbsp;4–33). Every human being enjoys rights and obligations and is vested with legal capacity (Art&nbsp;34). German law’s distinction between natural persons and legal persons is expressed in Arts&nbsp;34–60 and Arts&nbsp;61–126, respectively. Article&nbsp;2 (1) of the Greek constitution protects human dignity. From this guarantee, Art&nbsp;57 of the Greek Civil Code derives a general right to protection of one’s personality according to which anyone whose personality right is infringed may seek injunctive relief and compensation for damages from the perpetrator. The right of personality also covers the right to protection of one’s privacy, including protection against surveillance measures and unauthorized photographs. Arts&nbsp;158–166 deal with formal requirements for legal transactions ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Juridical Act|</ins>juridical act<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>). Unless otherwise provided by the parties or by an express statutory order, legal transactions do not require any specific form. Other subjects covered by the first book include the [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Interpretation of Contracts|</ins>interpretation of contracts<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>(Arts&nbsp;185–200), [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Representation|</ins>representation<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>(Arts&nbsp;211–235) and [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Prescription|</ins>prescription<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>and preclusion periods (Arts&nbsp;247–280).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== b) Law of obligations ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== b) Law of obligations ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== c) Law of property ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== c) Law of property ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The third book is based on Roman-Byzantine law and was also influenced by several European [[codifications, in particular the BGB. The general provisions on legal objects (Arts&nbsp;947–973) are followed by rules on possession (Arts&nbsp;947–998) and the content (Arts&nbsp;999–1093) and protection (Arts&nbsp;1094–1112) of ownership. Additional provisions relate to easements (Arts&nbsp;1118–1191), liens on movables (Arts&nbsp;1209–1256) and mortgages (Arts&nbsp;1257–1345).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The third book is based on Roman-Byzantine law and was also influenced by several European [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Codification|</ins>codifications<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, in particular the BGB. The general provisions on legal objects (Arts&nbsp;947–973) are followed by rules on possession (Arts&nbsp;947–998) and the content (Arts&nbsp;999–1093) and protection (Arts&nbsp;1094–1112) of ownership. Additional provisions relate to easements (Arts&nbsp;1118–1191), liens on movables (Arts&nbsp;1209–1256) and mortgages (Arts&nbsp;1257–1345).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== d) Family law ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== d) Family law ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== e) Succession law ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== e) Succession law ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Civil Code’s fifth book contains the rules pertaining to the law of succession. In their structure, the relevant Arts&nbsp;1710–2035 closely resemble the BGB. Like its German counterpart, the Greek Civil Code guarantees freedom of testation, which means that every person is free to decide on the fate of his estate in the event of his death. The principle of universal succession ([[devolution of the inheritance/universal succession) is also known in Greek law (Art&nbsp;1710). In case the deceased has left no final will or his or her will is invalid, the rules on intestate succession apply; they bear great resemblance to the BGB’s provisions. The provisions on the protection of heirs against over-indebtedness of the estate (Arts&nbsp;1901&nbsp;ff) and on donation ''mortis causa'' (Arts&nbsp;2032&nbsp;ff) are rooted in Roman-Byzantine law.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Civil Code’s fifth book contains the rules pertaining to the law of succession. In their structure, the relevant Arts&nbsp;1710–2035 closely resemble the BGB. Like its German counterpart, the Greek Civil Code guarantees freedom of testation, which means that every person is free to decide on the fate of his estate in the event of his death. The principle of universal succession ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Devolution of the Inheritance/ Universal Succession|</ins>devolution of the inheritance/universal succession<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>) is also known in Greek law (Art&nbsp;1710). In case the deceased has left no final will or his or her will is invalid, the rules on intestate succession apply; they bear great resemblance to the BGB’s provisions. The provisions on the protection of heirs against over-indebtedness of the estate (Arts&nbsp;1901&nbsp;ff) and on donation ''mortis causa'' (Arts&nbsp;2032&nbsp;ff) are rooted in Roman-Byzantine law.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 4. The Greek Civil Code today ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 4. The Greek Civil Code today ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jentzhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Greek_Civil_Code&diff=3613&oldid=prevJentz at 10:54, 19 August 20212021-08-19T10:54:50Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:54, 19 August 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'Greek Civil Code '</del>''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">__FORCETOC__ </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by </ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Anastasia Baetge]]</ins>''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 1. Historical predecessors ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 1. Historical predecessors ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The long history of the Greek Civil Code demonstrates that Greek law has been the subject of constant transformation and has resulted from continuing influences by external and internal forces. It has adjusted to the social, political and economic requirements of the respective times. The evolution of Greek private law is not over. Nowadays the influence of European and international law on Greek private law in general and the Greek Civil Code in particular is increasing. For example, the Civil Code’s rules on the seller’s liability for defects in the object of sale were very similar to German law before the reforms of 2002. However, EU Directive 99/44 of 25&nbsp;May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, implemented by Law 3043/2002, has not only fundamentally changed the Civil Code’s relevant provisions (Arts&nbsp;534–537, 540–561) but has also led to an adjustment to European law. In all likelihood, the influence of German law on Greek private law is bound to decrease in the long run. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The long history of the Greek Civil Code demonstrates that Greek law has been the subject of constant transformation and has resulted from continuing influences by external and internal forces. It has adjusted to the social, political and economic requirements of the respective times. The evolution of Greek private law is not over. Nowadays the influence of European and international law on Greek private law in general and the Greek Civil Code in particular is increasing. For example, the Civil Code’s rules on the seller’s liability for defects in the object of sale were very similar to German law before the reforms of 2002. However, EU Directive 99/44 of 25&nbsp;May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, implemented by Law 3043/2002, has not only fundamentally changed the Civil Code’s relevant provisions (Arts&nbsp;534–537, 540–561) but has also led to an adjustment to European law. In all likelihood, the influence of German law on Greek private law is bound to decrease in the long run. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Literature<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.''' </del>Johannes M Sontis, ‘Das griechische Zivilgesetzbuch im Rahmen der Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit’ (1961) 78 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung 355; Georgios J Plagianakos, ''Die Entstehung des Griechischen Zivilgesetzbuches'' (1963); Nikolaos I Pantazopoulos, ''History of Greek Law'','' vols&nbsp;I–II'' (1973); Apostolos Georgiadis and Michalis Stathopoulos (eds), ''Astikos Kodix'','' vols&nbsp;I–X'' (1978–98) ''vol&nbsp;VIII'' (2nd&nbsp;edn, 2003); Hilmar Fenge and Nikolaos S Papantoniou (eds), ''Griechisches Recht im Wandel'' (2nd&nbsp;edn, 1991); Anastasia Baetge and Dietmar Baetge, ‘Das Zivil- und Handelsrecht Griechenlands in der Rechtsliteratur’ (1996) ZEuP 166; Elissavet Kapnopoulou, ''Das Recht der missbräuchlichen Klauseln in der Europäischen Union'' (1997); Ioannis Karakostas, ''Einführung in das griechische Privatrecht'' (2003); Penelope Agallopoulou, ''Basic Concepts of Greek Civil Law'' (2005); Konstantinos D Kerameus and Phaedon L Kozyris (eds), ''Introduction to Greek Law'' (3rd&nbsp;edn, 2007); Katerina Stringari, ‘Die Haftung des Verkäufers für Sachmängel nach griechischem Recht’ (2008) ZEuP 563.</div></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins>Literature<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Johannes M Sontis, ‘Das griechische Zivilgesetzbuch im Rahmen der Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit’ (1961) 78 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung 355; Georgios J Plagianakos, ''Die Entstehung des Griechischen Zivilgesetzbuches'' (1963); Nikolaos I Pantazopoulos, ''History of Greek Law'','' vols&nbsp;I–II'' (1973); Apostolos Georgiadis and Michalis Stathopoulos (eds), ''Astikos Kodix'','' vols&nbsp;I–X'' (1978–98) ''vol&nbsp;VIII'' (2nd&nbsp;edn, 2003); Hilmar Fenge and Nikolaos S Papantoniou (eds), ''Griechisches Recht im Wandel'' (2nd&nbsp;edn, 1991); Anastasia Baetge and Dietmar Baetge, ‘Das Zivil- und Handelsrecht Griechenlands in der Rechtsliteratur’ (1996) ZEuP 166; Elissavet Kapnopoulou, ''Das Recht der missbräuchlichen Klauseln in der Europäischen Union'' (1997); Ioannis Karakostas, ''Einführung in das griechische Privatrecht'' (2003); Penelope Agallopoulou, ''Basic Concepts of Greek Civil Law'' (2005); Konstantinos D Kerameus and Phaedon L Kozyris (eds), ''Introduction to Greek Law'' (3rd&nbsp;edn, 2007); Katerina Stringari, ‘Die Haftung des Verkäufers für Sachmängel nach griechischem Recht’ (2008) ZEuP 563.</div></div></td></tr>
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</table>Jentzhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Greek_Civil_Code&diff=1049&oldid=prevAdmin: 1 revision imported2021-07-26T15:13:53Z<p>1 revision imported</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:13, 26 July 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div>
</td></tr></table>Adminhttps://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php?title=Greek_Civil_Code&diff=1047&oldid=prevAdmin: Bot: Automatischer Import von Artikeln2021-04-23T01:36:38Z<p>Bot: Automatischer Import von Artikeln</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Greek Civil Code '''<br />
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== 1. Historical predecessors ==<br />
<br />
The history of Greek law is as old as the history of the Greek people. Its beginnings date back some 3,000 years. The time before the modern Greek Civil Code (''Astikos Kodikas'') can be divided into six periods. (i)&nbsp;The ancient period ends with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and is characterized by the autonomous law of the ''poleis'', ie the various city states that were founded within the borders of ancient Greece. During this time the first legal [[codifications and law courts appeared. (ii)&nbsp;The following Hellenistic period reaches into the 4th&nbsp;century AD. During this period Greek legal thought spread beyond the borders of ancient Greece. Simultaneously, it intermingled with Roman law creating the ''ius graeco-romanum''. (iii)&nbsp;In the Byzantine epoch lasting until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Roman-Byzantine law developed. Efforts to codify the existing law intensified. Most noteworthy are the codifications under the Emperors Theodosius II (''Codex Theodosianus'') and Justinian I ([[''Corpus Juris Civilis'', Novellae). (iv)&nbsp;In 1345 a private collection of the Roman-Byzantine laws was published by the judge Konstantin Armenopoulos from Thessaloniki. The collection consisted of six books and therefore became known as the ''Hexabiblos''. It was to be used later as the foundation for the creation of the Greek Civil Code. (v)&nbsp;Under the reign of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1821, both Turkish and Byzantine law were in force, the latter being applied by ecclesiastical courts. (vi)&nbsp;After the liberation of Greece, in 1833 Otto, prince of Bavaria, ascended the throne of the newly founded Greek kingdom. Of major importance was the regulation ‘On the Civil Code’ from 23&nbsp;February/7&nbsp;March 1835 calling for the creation of a codified civil law. Moreover, the regulation stipulated the ''Hexabiblos'' of ''Armenopoulos ''to be the interim law and ordered the continued applicability of existing customary laws. At the same time several Greek regions passed their own civil codes. On the Ionian Isles, for example, the Ionian Civil Code was enacted in 1841. The code was based on Sicilian law and written in Italian, which was at the time the region’s official language. Similar codifications were passed by the islands of Samos (1899) and Crete (1904).<br />
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=== 2. Origins of the modern Greek Civil Code ===<br />
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At the beginning of the 20th&nbsp;century legal chaos reigned. The outdated and fragmented ''Hexabiblos'' was still applied while, at the same time, a multitude of new laws regarding particular subjects such as labour and banking law already existed. In addition there were various regional codifications. Because of the resulting legal uncertainty, in 1930 the government of Venizelos charged a commission composed of five members with drafting a uniform civil [[codification. Based on preliminary drafts, the final draft, consisting of 2,035 articles, was written by the law professor and commission member, Georgios Balis. His text was published in 1940. Due to Italy’s attack on Greece, the Civil Code did not come into effect until 1946. By the enactment of the Civil Code, Greece finally achieved legal unity after more than 100 years. At the same time the ''Hexabiblos'', the customary laws, and the regional codifications became ineffective.<br />
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The Greek Civil Code was largely influenced by the German [[''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ''(BGB). Greek lawyers’ first contact with German legal thinking took place during the rule of King Otto who was surrounded by a number of German lawyers, among them Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Gottfried Feder and Emil Herzog. Otto’s goal was to continue the efforts for a [[codification of Greek law that had begun under Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greece’s first head of state after gaining independence from Ottoman rule. The influence of German legal thought was facilitated by the fact that both German and modern Greek law share the same Roman legal tradition. Besides the BGB, the Greek Civil Code was influenced by the French, Swiss and Italian Civil Codes ([[''Code civil'', [[Swiss Civil Code (ZGB), [[''Codice civile''). Since its enactment, the Greek Civil Code has been subject to a number of reforms, especially in the fields of family law and the law of obligations, to meet the requirements of modern-day life.<br />
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== 3. Structure and content ==<br />
<br />
The Greek Civil Code, like its model the German BGB, consists of five books, comprising the [[general part, the law of obligations, the law of property ([[property), family law ([[family) and the law of succession ([[succession law). <br />
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=== a) General part ===<br />
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The first book ranges from Arts&nbsp;1 to 286 and contains all the legal concepts common to the entire code ([[general part). In addition, it includes the rules of Greek [[private international law (PIL) (Arts&nbsp;4–33). Every human being enjoys rights and obligations and is vested with legal capacity (Art&nbsp;34). German law’s distinction between natural persons and legal persons is expressed in Arts&nbsp;34–60 and Arts&nbsp;61–126, respectively. Article&nbsp;2 (1) of the Greek constitution protects human dignity. From this guarantee, Art&nbsp;57 of the Greek Civil Code derives a general right to protection of one’s personality according to which anyone whose personality right is infringed may seek injunctive relief and compensation for damages from the perpetrator. The right of personality also covers the right to protection of one’s privacy, including protection against surveillance measures and unauthorized photographs. Arts&nbsp;158–166 deal with formal requirements for legal transactions ([[juridical act). Unless otherwise provided by the parties or by an express statutory order, legal transactions do not require any specific form. Other subjects covered by the first book include the [[interpretation of contracts (Arts&nbsp;185–200), [[representation (Arts&nbsp;211–235) and [[prescription and preclusion periods (Arts&nbsp;247–280).<br />
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=== b) Law of obligations ===<br />
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The Greek Civil Code’s second book (Arts&nbsp;287–946) closely resembles the German BGB, with some deviations found in the law of delict. Arts&nbsp;287–495 contain general rules applicable to the law of obligations in its entirety, including rules on the impossibility of performance, default of the debtor and the creditor, the right to terminate, assignment, penalty clauses and contracts in favour of a third party. Arts&nbsp;496–946 contain the specific law of obligations including rules on the individual types of contractual obligations. Article&nbsp;914 with its broad wording is central to the law of torts. According to this sweeping provision anyone who intentionally or negligently causes damages to another person is liable for compensation. Unlike its counterpart in §&nbsp;823 (1) BGB, no violation of an absolute right is required. <br />
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=== c) Law of property ===<br />
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The third book is based on Roman-Byzantine law and was also influenced by several European [[codifications, in particular the BGB. The general provisions on legal objects (Arts&nbsp;947–973) are followed by rules on possession (Arts&nbsp;947–998) and the content (Arts&nbsp;999–1093) and protection (Arts&nbsp;1094–1112) of ownership. Additional provisions relate to easements (Arts&nbsp;1118–1191), liens on movables (Arts&nbsp;1209–1256) and mortgages (Arts&nbsp;1257–1345).<br />
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=== d) Family law ===<br />
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The fourth book on family law contains provisions on engagement, marriage, matrimonial property, divorce, maintenance, adoption and guardianship. Since the Civil Code came into effect, Greek family law has been the subject of far-reaching revisions. One important reform concerned the introduction of civil marriage in 1982. However, marriage ceremonies performed by the church have remained a valid legal alternative. Another crucial reform was effected in 1983 by Law 1329, which asserted gender equality in family law. In 2002 the modern evolution of reproductive medicine led to the adoption of Law 3089, introducing Arts&nbsp;1455&nbsp;ff, which amongst other topics deal with artificial insemination.<br />
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=== e) Succession law ===<br />
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The Civil Code’s fifth book contains the rules pertaining to the law of succession. In their structure, the relevant Arts&nbsp;1710–2035 closely resemble the BGB. Like its German counterpart, the Greek Civil Code guarantees freedom of testation, which means that every person is free to decide on the fate of his estate in the event of his death. The principle of universal succession ([[devolution of the inheritance/universal succession) is also known in Greek law (Art&nbsp;1710). In case the deceased has left no final will or his or her will is invalid, the rules on intestate succession apply; they bear great resemblance to the BGB’s provisions. The provisions on the protection of heirs against over-indebtedness of the estate (Arts&nbsp;1901&nbsp;ff) and on donation ''mortis causa'' (Arts&nbsp;2032&nbsp;ff) are rooted in Roman-Byzantine law.<br />
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== 4. The Greek Civil Code today ==<br />
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The long history of the Greek Civil Code demonstrates that Greek law has been the subject of constant transformation and has resulted from continuing influences by external and internal forces. It has adjusted to the social, political and economic requirements of the respective times. The evolution of Greek private law is not over. Nowadays the influence of European and international law on Greek private law in general and the Greek Civil Code in particular is increasing. For example, the Civil Code’s rules on the seller’s liability for defects in the object of sale were very similar to German law before the reforms of 2002. However, EU Directive 99/44 of 25&nbsp;May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, implemented by Law 3043/2002, has not only fundamentally changed the Civil Code’s relevant provisions (Arts&nbsp;534–537, 540–561) but has also led to an adjustment to European law. In all likelihood, the influence of German law on Greek private law is bound to decrease in the long run. <br />
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'''Literature.''' Johannes M Sontis, ‘Das griechische Zivilgesetzbuch im Rahmen der Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit’ (1961) 78 Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung 355; Georgios J Plagianakos, ''Die Entstehung des Griechischen Zivilgesetzbuches'' (1963); Nikolaos I Pantazopoulos, ''History of Greek Law'','' vols&nbsp;I–II'' (1973); Apostolos Georgiadis and Michalis Stathopoulos (eds), ''Astikos Kodix'','' vols&nbsp;I–X'' (1978–98) ''vol&nbsp;VIII'' (2nd&nbsp;edn, 2003); Hilmar Fenge and Nikolaos S Papantoniou (eds), ''Griechisches Recht im Wandel'' (2nd&nbsp;edn, 1991); Anastasia Baetge and Dietmar Baetge, ‘Das Zivil- und Handelsrecht Griechenlands in der Rechtsliteratur’ (1996) ZEuP 166; Elissavet Kapnopoulou, ''Das Recht der missbräuchlichen Klauseln in der Europäischen Union'' (1997); Ioannis Karakostas, ''Einführung in das griechische Privatrecht'' (2003); Penelope Agallopoulou, ''Basic Concepts of Greek Civil Law'' (2005); Konstantinos D Kerameus and Phaedon L Kozyris (eds), ''Introduction to Greek Law'' (3rd&nbsp;edn, 2007); Katerina Stringari, ‘Die Haftung des Verkäufers für Sachmängel nach griechischem Recht’ (2008) ZEuP 563.</div><br />
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<div align="right">''[[Anastasia Baetge]]''</div></div>Admin