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  • Contributors
    ...external authors associated with the Institute. Together with the 120-plus authors, a multi-member editorial team prepared the material for the print edition {{#ask: [[Category:Authors]]
    1 KB (181 words) - 18:12, 18 October 2021
  • Sally Horler
    [[Category:Authors]]
    180 bytes (18 words) - 10:15, 30 August 2021
  • Friedrich Wenzel Bulst
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    253 bytes (30 words) - 16:01, 28 October 2021
  • Giovanna Montanaro
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    180 bytes (19 words) - 10:12, 30 August 2021
  • Nicolai Lagoni
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    164 bytes (19 words) - 11:14, 30 August 2021
  • Florian Bruder
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    172 bytes (20 words) - 10:01, 30 August 2021
  • Andreas Gaschler
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    207 bytes (23 words) - 09:55, 30 August 2021
  • Lovro Tomasic
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    194 bytes (20 words) - 10:18, 30 August 2021
  • Marcus Baum
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    172 bytes (22 words) - 11:08, 30 August 2021
  • Verena Brandt
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    178 bytes (21 words) - 11:47, 30 August 2021
  • Ahmet Kut
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    170 bytes (23 words) - 12:05, 25 August 2021
  • Ulrich Ernst
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    202 bytes (24 words) - 11:45, 30 August 2021
  • Andrea Potz
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    202 bytes (24 words) - 11:43, 25 August 2021
  • Christian Heierli
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    211 bytes (24 words) - 15:20, 28 September 2021
  • John MacLeod
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    185 bytes (23 words) - 11:26, 30 August 2021
  • Knut Benjamin Pißler
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    279 bytes (41 words) - 10:59, 30 August 2021
  • Dietmar Baetge
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    236 bytes (28 words) - 09:54, 30 August 2021
  • Johann A Schacht
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    221 bytes (28 words) - 10:47, 30 August 2021
  • Jan Peter Schmidt
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    263 bytes (35 words) - 10:43, 30 August 2021
  • Reto Hilty
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    240 bytes (32 words) - 18:57, 4 November 2021
  • Daniel Annoff
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    234 bytes (28 words) - 09:49, 30 August 2021
  • Jens M Scherpe
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    240 bytes (34 words) - 10:46, 30 August 2021
  • Liane Schmiedel
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    239 bytes (28 words) - 11:02, 30 August 2021
  • Simon Schwarz
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    223 bytes (28 words) - 18:31, 18 November 2021
  • Clemens Trautmann
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    266 bytes (31 words) - 09:43, 30 August 2021
  • Detlev Witt
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    233 bytes (29 words) - 09:50, 30 August 2021
  • Alexander von Ziegler
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    221 bytes (28 words) - 16:18, 6 October 2021
  • Thomas von Hippel
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    184 bytes (24 words) - 16:18, 6 October 2021
  • Caroline Kleiner
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    206 bytes (23 words) - 17:21, 28 October 2021
  • Patrick Kinsch
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    215 bytes (24 words) - 11:20, 30 August 2021
  • Walter Doralt
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    192 bytes (23 words) - 16:33, 28 October 2021
  • Sebastian Herrler
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    233 bytes (25 words) - 11:33, 30 August 2021
  • Annette Kur
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    242 bytes (31 words) - 11:50, 25 August 2021
  • Markus Roth
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    202 bytes (26 words) - 11:08, 30 August 2021
  • Norbert Reich
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    220 bytes (28 words) - 11:16, 30 August 2021
  • Robert Koch
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    212 bytes (29 words) - 11:27, 30 August 2021
  • Wolfgang Ernst
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    220 bytes (30 words) - 11:49, 30 August 2021
  • Christian Eckl
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    255 bytes (32 words) - 09:34, 30 August 2021
  • Harald Baum
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    250 bytes (32 words) - 10:19, 30 August 2021
  • Matteo Fornasier
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    263 bytes (32 words) - 11:11, 30 August 2021
  • Roland Knaak
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    247 bytes (32 words) - 11:32, 30 August 2021
  • Hannes Unberath
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    243 bytes (30 words) - 10:16, 30 August 2021
  • Hartmut Wicke
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    224 bytes (28 words) - 16:20, 28 October 2021
  • Jan Kleinheisterkamp
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    254 bytes (28 words) - 10:42, 30 August 2021
  • Yeşim M Atamer
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    283 bytes (42 words) - 16:27, 28 October 2021
  • Phillip Hellwege
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    250 bytes (31 words) - 11:22, 30 August 2021
  • Anatol Dutta
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    260 bytes (34 words) - 11:42, 25 August 2021
  • Christian Heinze
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    278 bytes (34 words) - 09:35, 30 August 2021
  • Christoph Kumpan
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    276 bytes (34 words) - 09:42, 30 August 2021
  • Hein Kötz
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    260 bytes (39 words) - 10:28, 30 August 2021
  • Jens Kleinschmidt
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    281 bytes (34 words) - 10:45, 30 August 2021
  • Martin Illmer
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    264 bytes (34 words) - 11:10, 30 August 2021
  • Nadjma Yassari
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    267 bytes (34 words) - 11:13, 30 August 2021
  • Reinhard Zimmermann
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    284 bytes (34 words) - 11:25, 30 August 2021
  • Anneken Kari Sperr
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    248 bytes (31 words) - 18:56, 4 November 2021
  • Jörn Axel Kämmerer
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    265 bytes (42 words) - 10:52, 30 August 2021
  • Olaf Sosnitza
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    261 bytes (30 words) - 11:18, 30 August 2021
  • Walter Pintens
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    261 bytes (30 words) - 11:48, 30 August 2021
  • Klaus J Hopt
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    290 bytes (45 words) - 10:57, 30 August 2021
  • Andreas M Fleckner
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    278 bytes (37 words) - 11:24, 25 August 2021
  • Jürgen Basedow
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    279 bytes (40 words) - 10:56, 30 August 2021
  • Reinhard Ellger
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    288 bytes (35 words) - 11:24, 30 August 2021
  • Johannes Liebrecht
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    231 bytes (26 words) - 16:36, 28 October 2021
  • Manfred Wenckstern
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    248 bytes (28 words) - 11:07, 30 August 2021
  • Rainer Kulms
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    273 bytes (36 words) - 11:23, 30 August 2021
  • Tobias Helms
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    238 bytes (29 words) - 11:43, 30 August 2021
  • Ulrich Magnus
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    242 bytes (30 words) - 11:46, 30 August 2021
  • Axel Metzger
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    254 bytes (32 words) - 16:23, 28 October 2021
  • Heike Schweitzer
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    256 bytes (32 words) - 10:27, 30 August 2021
  • Tobias Tröger
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    269 bytes (38 words) - 11:44, 30 August 2021
  • Ralf Michaels
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    284 bytes (36 words) - 17:03, 28 October 2021
  • Ulrich Drobnig
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    287 bytes (39 words) - 11:45, 30 August 2021
  • Thomas Finkenauer
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    261 bytes (32 words) - 11:40, 30 August 2021
  • Jan D Lüttringhaus
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    296 bytes (42 words) - 19:02, 4 November 2021
  • Christiane Wendehorst
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    230 bytes (27 words) - 09:39, 30 August 2021
  • Felix Steffek
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    226 bytes (27 words) - 16:48, 28 October 2021
  • Josep Ferrer i Riba
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    225 bytes (32 words) - 14:51, 4 October 2021
  • Tjard-Niklas Trümper
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    203 bytes (24 words) - 11:43, 30 August 2021
  • Dieter Martiny
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    271 bytes (32 words) - 09:50, 30 August 2021
  • Peter Huber
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    258 bytes (33 words) - 11:21, 30 August 2021
  • Anastasia Baetge
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    280 bytes (37 words) - 11:41, 25 August 2021
  • Gregor Thüsing
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    286 bytes (38 words) - 10:13, 30 August 2021
  • Hans Christoph Grigoleit
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    313 bytes (38 words) - 10:17, 30 August 2021
  • Ansgar Staudinger
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    264 bytes (31 words) - 11:52, 25 August 2021
  • Beatriz Conde Gallego
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    297 bytes (38 words) - 16:25, 6 October 2021
  • Andreas Thier
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    246 bytes (33 words) - 11:46, 25 August 2021
  • Dagmar Coester-Waltjen
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    269 bytes (27 words) - 09:44, 30 August 2021
  • Florian Faust
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    248 bytes (32 words) - 10:01, 30 August 2021
  • Alexander Peukert
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    282 bytes (33 words) - 11:37, 25 August 2021
  • Gebhard Rehm
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    276 bytes (35 words) - 10:09, 30 August 2021
  • Florian Möslein
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    296 bytes (40 words) - 10:03, 30 August 2021
  • Helga Jesser-Huß
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    274 bytes (30 words) - 10:28, 30 August 2021
  • Karl Riesenhuber
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    263 bytes (34 words) - 10:03, 30 August 2021
  • Ben Steinbrück
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    300 bytes (42 words) - 09:30, 30 August 2021
  • Kurt Siehr
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    284 bytes (39 words) - 11:01, 30 August 2021
  • Thomas Dreier
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    266 bytes (36 words) - 11:40, 30 August 2021
  • Helmut Heiss
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    233 bytes (31 words) - 10:29, 30 August 2021
  • Jörg Pirrung
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    233 bytes (35 words) - 10:51, 30 August 2021
  • Ina Maria Lindenberg
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    319 bytes (42 words) - 10:32, 30 August 2021
  • Jan Asmus Bischoff
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    307 bytes (42 words) - 10:41, 30 August 2021
  • Anne Röthel
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    233 bytes (34 words) - 11:47, 25 August 2021
  • Jan von Hein
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    229 bytes (34 words) - 16:18, 6 October 2021
  • Peter Mankowski
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    256 bytes (31 words) - 11:21, 30 August 2021
  • Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker
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    301 bytes (35 words) - 09:56, 30 August 2021
  • Eugenia Kurzynsky-Singer
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    291 bytes (31 words) - 09:57, 30 August 2021
  • Klaus Luig
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    229 bytes (34 words) - 10:58, 30 August 2021
  • Sonja Meier
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    311 bytes (39 words) - 17:25, 28 October 2021
  • Filippo Ranieri
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    307 bytes (38 words) - 09:59, 30 August 2021
  • Herbert Kronke
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    291 bytes (34 words) - 10:30, 30 August 2021
  • Ulrich Runggaldier
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    288 bytes (35 words) - 11:44, 25 August 2021
  • Patrick C Leyens
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    290 bytes (43 words) - 11:19, 30 August 2021
  • Alexander Hellgardt
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    300 bytes (36 words) - 17:13, 28 October 2021
  • Inge Kroppenberg
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    266 bytes (33 words) - 10:33, 30 August 2021
  • Ninon Colneric
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    255 bytes (33 words) - 16:16, 28 October 2021
  • Abbo Junker
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    303 bytes (37 words) - 10:57, 25 August 2021
  • Ansgar Ohly
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    279 bytes (36 words) - 11:51, 25 August 2021
  • Oliver Remien
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    292 bytes (35 words) - 11:18, 30 August 2021
  • Anton K Schnyder
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    297 bytes (41 words) - 13:04, 24 September 2021
  • Heribert Hirte
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    272 bytes (36 words) - 10:31, 30 August 2021
  • Sebastian A E Martens
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    326 bytes (47 words) - 16:40, 28 October 2021
  • Franco Ferrari
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    309 bytes (41 words) - 16:44, 28 October 2021
  • Matthias Leistner
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    293 bytes (36 words) - 17:18, 28 October 2021
  • Matthias Wühler
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    329 bytes (45 words) - 11:13, 30 August 2021
  • Peter Rott
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    278 bytes (37 words) - 17:07, 28 October 2021
  • Wolfgang Wurmnest
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    331 bytes (40 words) - 10:57, 25 August 2021
  • Bettina Heiderhoff
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    290 bytes (34 words) - 16:57, 28 October 2021
  • Gerhard Wagner
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    323 bytes (39 words) - 10:10, 30 August 2021
  • Eva-Maria Kieninger
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    283 bytes (31 words) - 09:58, 30 August 2021
  • Hans-Peter Haferkamp
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    277 bytes (34 words) - 10:19, 30 August 2021
  • Joseph Straus
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    358 bytes (46 words) - 10:55, 30 August 2021
  • Hannes Rösler
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    342 bytes (49 words) - 16:04, 28 October 2021
  • Brigitte Haar
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    341 bytes (45 words) - 09:32, 30 August 2021
  • Dirk A Verse
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    331 bytes (49 words) - 15:55, 28 October 2021
  • Giesela Rühl
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    337 bytes (44 words) - 10:11, 30 August 2021
  • Stefan Vogenauer
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    281 bytes (35 words) - 11:39, 30 August 2021
  • Nils Jansen
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    296 bytes (43 words) - 16:14, 28 October 2021
  • Thomas Rüfner
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    340 bytes (52 words) - 11:41, 30 August 2021
  • Martin Schmidt-Kessel
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    315 bytes (38 words) - 11:11, 30 August 2021
  • Martin Henssler
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    405 bytes (62 words) - 11:09, 30 August 2021
  • Copyright
    ...ts of production of creative works. The downside of the exclusive right of authors and their co-contractors is that exclusivity may impede significantly the p ...and, Romania and the Scandinavian countries recognized the moral rights of authors, the English law stuck to the old conception of a primarily economic approa
    21 KB (3,127 words) - 13:27, 10 August 2021
  • Intellectual Property (PIL)
    ...retation of these provisions has remained controversial. According to some authors, the reference to the law of the country ‘where’ protection is claimed ...a difference in the production of movies, music recordings etc whether the authors or the producers are the original rightholders. The application of the ''le
    16 KB (2,379 words) - 14:58, 31 August 2021
  • Related Rights (Copyright)
    ...spect to a piece of music, the composer and the songwriter are entitled as authors, the singers and instrumentalists are entitled as performers, and the produ ...of these cultural artefacts are referred to as authors in the same way as authors of individual and creative works. The differences are only taken into accou
    15 KB (2,238 words) - 12:24, 16 September 2021
  • Scholastic Jurisprudence
    ...nge due to new historical approaches to the Middle Ages. Even non-catholic authors now started to discuss coherence and meaning of ‘scholasticism’ as hist ...n of different textual interpretations. Thus, the citation of contemporary authors and parallel texts assumed growing importance. From the 13th century o
    17 KB (2,475 words) - 15:14, 21 September 2021
  • Legal Families
    ...a number of legal families which were not very different from those other authors had already proposed on the basis of other criteria: there was the legal fa ...ks may have fallen into this error, if error it is, there is no doubt that authors are perfectly free to accord more weight to other factors and to concentrat
    9 KB (1,433 words) - 16:52, 2 September 2021
  • Pandektensystem
    ...]]) and tried to replace it with a system based on rational criteria. Many authors switched over to the scheme of Justinian’s ''Institutiones'' ([[Corpus Ju Determined efforts of systematization were then also undertaken by the authors of the law of reason ([[Natural Law|natural law]]). Since they did not feel
    18 KB (2,862 words) - 10:54, 15 September 2021
  • Ius Commune
    ...following centuries this body of learned law was enriched with the work of authors such as Bartolus and Baldus. The medieval procedural law, which was mainly ...scientific [[Natural Law|natural law]]. This tradition was represented by authors such as Grotius, Pufendorf, Thomasius and Christian Wolff, who continued wi
    18 KB (2,846 words) - 16:40, 15 September 2021
  • Sources of European Private Law
    The term ‘source of law’ is used with various meanings. For some authors, a ‘source of law’ describes the institution which may create legal nor ...inio doctorum'' under the [[Ius Commune|''ius commune'']], the writings of authors are not, therefore, authoritative. Scholars may describe the law as it stan
    18 KB (2,669 words) - 15:21, 22 September 2021
  • Principles of European Contract Law (PECL)
    ...ry practical purposes. But the Principles are also seen by (some of) their authors in a less immediately practical, but rather longer-term perspective. They p
    17 KB (2,627 words) - 15:34, 14 October 2021
  • Competition between Legal Systems
    ...competition between legal orders is fed from a number of sources. For some authors there is a strong interest in the field of economics (see the works of Manf ...de between the various types of competition sketched out in 1. above. Many authors already speak of competition when different legal systems coexist side by s
    17 KB (2,638 words) - 09:55, 10 August 2021
  • External Competence of the EU
    ...aution is recommended: the understanding of these terms often varies among authors. It is undisputed that some explicit external competences are exclusive by ...practical importance. Both terms are generally used as equivalent by legal authors. The ECJ, however, sometimes seems to speak of shared competences when refe
    24 KB (3,723 words) - 17:03, 17 August 2021
  • Abuse of Law
    ...e conflict between law and morality (René Savatier (1892–1984)). Yet other authors described the ''abus de droit'' concept as an abnormal exercise of a right,
    12 KB (1,911 words) - 17:02, 5 October 2021
  • Information Society, Copyright Law
    ...s protecting both the personality and exploitation interests of individual authors, the Anglo-American understanding of copyright is based on a utilitarian pe ...es, Germany has extended its existing special levy regime for compensating authors for the economic value of recording and photocopying to include digital rep
    26 KB (3,840 words) - 16:31, 19 August 2021
  • Release
    ...ese terminological uncertainties have provoked vivid discussions among the authors of Art 5.1.9 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts ...elease in the UNIDROIT PICC. The approach of the BGB is criticized by many authors who advocate the introduction of a unilateral release ''de lege ferenda''.
    21 KB (3,253 words) - 15:33, 14 October 2021
  • Lex Mercatoria
    ...ntract is to be governed by […] the “lex mercatoria”’ (PECL). However, the authors of the PECL and UNIDROIT PICC did not draw from trade usages. They adopted Finally, some authors believe that the ''lex mercatoria'' is not a single ascertainable set of ru
    19 KB (3,070 words) - 14:37, 6 September 2021
  • Public Policy
    Public policy is increasingly (certainly in respect of the position of German authors) being viewed as a negative concept, ie it is only used as a defence instru ...ut the abolition of the public policy clause in the European context. Some authors warn of a ‘system change’ of excessive dimension and think that public
    19 KB (2,864 words) - 10:24, 16 September 2021
  • Mandatory Law (Basic Features of Regulation in European Private Law)
    The authors of the PECL refrained from stating independent standards for the prohibitio ...gations and the exercise of rights (Arts 2:101, 7:101, 102 ACQP). The authors of the ACQP appear to assume that the principle is of a mandatory character
    26 KB (3,907 words) - 08:59, 29 September 2021
  • Common Frame of Reference (CFR)
    ...mer goods]]) have naturally played a significant role; in this respect the authors of the DCFR could draw upon established models as well as on an extensive c ...iscourse (eg plurality of debtors and creditors). In addition to this, the authors of the DCFR display a strong inclination towards dogmatization, evident, fo
    23 KB (3,543 words) - 13:03, 28 September 2021
  • Humanism
    ...the law of the time, particularly Marcus Tullius Cicero, but also to other authors of non-legal literature whose works helped to develop historical understand
    16 KB (2,422 words) - 14:55, 19 August 2021
  • Interpretation of International Uniform Law
    Several authors call for an interpretation that considers the use of terms in the context o ...gap-filling is permissible as to older conventions remains unsettled. Some authors reject the use of analogies in public international law founded upon sovere
    21 KB (3,115 words) - 15:34, 31 August 2021
  • Usus Modernus
    ...eption]] of every particular rule had to be demonstrated. However, not all authors promoted such an extreme consequence of the modern understanding of the rec ...tituted first steps on the way towards the subsequent codifications. Their authors used a modified version of the scheme underlying Justinian’s Institutes a
    18 KB (2,684 words) - 10:57, 28 September 2021
  • Legal Scholarship
    ...statutory and customary law of the European territories. In doing so, the authors of this era focused intensely on the needs of legal practice and produced v ...ng ‘laws of citation’ that obliged the courts to take the views of certain authors into account in difficult cases. The influence of legal scholarship was not
    25 KB (3,782 words) - 13:45, 6 September 2021
  • Choice of Law by the Parties
    ...him, nothing more than an argumentative aid. The same can be said for most authors of the 17th and 18th centuries: in ''De Conflictu Legum'', the Du ...94. However, there is no express provision to this effect in the text. The authors who support the choice of a non-state law refer to Art 9(2)2 of the Co
    22 KB (3,377 words) - 15:21, 14 September 2021
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
    ...nst the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights. The WCT has been ratified
    11 KB (1,555 words) - 11:53, 28 September 2021
  • Code Civil
    ...y complicated terminology sometimes comes at the expense of precision. The authors of the ''Code civil'' were conscious of this, but accepted and even welcome ...the ''Code civil'' and the real legacy of the Revolution, even though the authors of the code probably ascribed less significance to them (Alfons Bürge, Jam
    24 KB (3,770 words) - 09:39, 10 August 2021
  • Artist’s Resale Right (Droit de Suite)
    ...5 April 2010, [2010] ECR I-0000, para 27), namely to ensure that authors of graphic and plastic works of art have a share in the economic success of ...omparable copyright holders ([[Copyright|copyright]]) such as composers or authors collect as royalties by reiterated exploitation of their works.
    19 KB (2,830 words) - 17:26, 9 August 2021
  • Vicarious Liability
    ...f outstanding wages of the servant, in accordance with local custom. Other authors such as Johannes van der Linden,'' ''whose thinking was influenced by natur
    22 KB (3,527 words) - 11:32, 28 September 2021
  • Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB)
    ...he French authors of the [[Code Civil|''Code civil'']], Zeiller and his co-authors refrained from details and casuistic rules. Zeiller very much relied on the
    28 KB (4,358 words) - 12:52, 4 October 2021
  • Association
    ...5, 84)<nowiki>; however, for a variety of reasons a considerable number of authors continue to criticize this approach. In instances where an association has
    12 KB (1,722 words) - 17:27, 9 August 2021
  • Roman-Dutch Law
    ...s gallicus'' and ''mos italicus'', merged in Roman-Dutch law. For even the authors who did not busy themselves with reconstructing the texts so as to reflect ...e]] of the 16th&nbsp;and 17th&nbsp;centuries in Spain. Its main exponents, authors such as Francisco de Vitoria, Diego de Covarruvias, Domingo de Soto, Luis d
    22 KB (3,404 words) - 13:52, 16 September 2021
  • Indicia of Seriousness
    ...learned ink have been spilt in France on the true nature of ''cause'', the authors of the 2005-Project for the Reform of the French Law of Obligations followe
    11 KB (1,789 words) - 15:39, 19 August 2021
  • Intellectual Property
    ...the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discover ...ion of ‘industrial property’ (Paris Convention 1883) and the protection of authors’ rights to their works of literature and art (Berne Convention 1886). The
    23 KB (3,325 words) - 13:57, 31 August 2021
  • Principle of Proportionality
    ...ology of German legal writing—‘limit-limit’ (''Schranken-Schranke''). Some authors see the pursuit of a legitimate objective as part of the principle, but the ...ivate law is also subject to the principle of proportionality. Some of the authors in this context expressly borrow from the developments in public law. Howev
    25 KB (3,811 words) - 16:51, 15 September 2021
  • European Foundation
    The authors of the feasibility study on a European Foundation Statute support the intro
    14 KB (2,018 words) - 14:39, 17 August 2021
  • Contributory Negligence (Contributory Conduct or Activity)
    ...responsibility does not negate the defendant’s original contribution; many authors therefore regard it as unfair to make the victim bear the whole loss alone.
    14 KB (2,239 words) - 13:20, 10 August 2021
  • Verwirkung (Estoppel)
    ...e general principle underlying estoppels by acquiescence’. Numerous French authors have, in recent years, recognized the true significance of the above-mentio
    13 KB (2,008 words) - 11:20, 28 September 2021
  • General Part
    ...e positioning of the rules on natural persons is free from criticism: some authors call for the creation of a separate book on the law of persons, following t
    15 KB (2,345 words) - 15:38, 14 October 2021
  • Code de Commerce
    ...heir place in the ''Code de commerce''. This is one reason why many modern authors regard the term ‘commercial law’ (''droit commercial'') as being too na
    15 KB (2,182 words) - 09:40, 10 August 2021
  • Right of Retention
    ...only bound to pay if he has had an opportunity to examine the goods. Many authors also grant the seller a right of retention if the buyer does not perform ot
    17 KB (2,808 words) - 13:32, 16 September 2021
  • Company Law (International)
    ...to the incorporation theory; in Italy and France this is endorsed by some authors. However, the Belgian international company law codified in 2004 is still b
    15 KB (2,237 words) - 09:52, 10 August 2021
  • Swiss Civil Code (ZGB)
    ...rt in Lausanne and by discerning contributions by scholars, among them the authors of the Standard Basle, Bern and Zurich Commentaries on the ZGB.
    14 KB (2,227 words) - 13:28, 23 September 2021
  • Fraud
    ...use he did not correct it in breach of a duty of disclosure. Finally, some authors want to interpret the provisions concerning fraud more widely and want to a
    18 KB (2,796 words) - 14:29, 18 August 2021
  • Code Européen des Contrats (Avant-Projet)
    ...ts'' is devoted to specific obligations, ie also non-contractual ones. Its authors try to delimit contractual from non-contractual obligations in the code its
    16 KB (2,452 words) - 15:25, 14 October 2021
  • Corporate Governance
    ...rate governance that is driven by market forces. In the United States some authors have even proclaimed the ‘end of the history of corporate law’. From a
    19 KB (2,889 words) - 13:34, 10 August 2021
  • Improvement of Another’s Property
    ...owner has realized the increase in value through resale. According to some authors, the concept of incontrovertible benefit also extends to cases where the ow
    19 KB (2,921 words) - 15:20, 19 August 2021
  • Database Protection
    ...for databases. First, traditional copyright protection for the individual authors of the creative structure of compilations was harmonized. Secondly, the new
    19 KB (2,772 words) - 16:13, 10 August 2021
  • Service Contracts
    ...a European Civil Code'' as is the [[Common Frame of Reference (CFR)]], the authors of the CFR having built on the foundation laid by the Study Group. The PEL&
    17 KB (2,541 words) - 16:22, 21 September 2021
  • Contracts of Inheritance and Joint Wills
    ...ast will. It has to be the work of a single person and cannot have several authors. However, unlike in most other legal systems, conversion into a valid ordin
    20 KB (3,102 words) - 12:44, 14 September 2021
  • Collision at Sea
    ...on of the law of the flag of the vessel which sustained damage, which some authors suggest, cannot be reconciled with the principles of the Rome&nbsp;II Regul
    21 KB (3,154 words) - 09:45, 10 August 2021
  • EU Private Law
    ...be explained by the persuasive force of the respective rules and of their authors and perhaps by continuous usage, but not by any kind of a sovereign order,
    19 KB (3,037 words) - 16:44, 15 September 2021
  • Corpus Juris Civilis
    ...core of the first group is composed of commentaries by the late classical authors Ulpian and Paul'' ''on the early classical jurist Massurius Sabinus’ trea
    19 KB (2,859 words) - 14:06, 10 August 2021
  • European Economic Constitution
    ...labour and decentralized economic planning on markets, it was developed by authors like Adam Smith, David Hume and Adam Ferguson. Even before the French and U
    21 KB (3,192 words) - 14:01, 17 August 2021
  • Code Unique
    ...e [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)|''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'' (BGB)]] some authors argued in favour of an integration of commercial law, this idea was rejecte
    20 KB (3,027 words) - 08:49, 29 September 2021
  • Currency
    ...because of the dematerialization of its external forms. In the past, many authors argued that only token money (coins and notes), which were dealt with as ch
    20 KB (3,119 words) - 14:37, 10 August 2021
  • Non-Contractual Obligations (PIL)
    ...ver, with the application of foreign mandatory provisions. Therefore, some authors argue that Rome&nbsp;II prevents a court from applying foreign mandatory ru
    22 KB (3,448 words) - 17:09, 14 September 2021
  • Succession Law
    ...e law of succession for the economic activities between citizens, only few authors spoke out against acquisition by inheritance. Some attempted to reinterpret
    21 KB (3,221 words) - 12:46, 23 September 2021
  • Timeshare Contracts
    ...umer often does not grasp its full ramifications until returning home. The authors of this secondary law are more specific about the prohibition on advance pa
    20 KB (3,015 words) - 14:03, 23 September 2021
  • Innkeepers’ Liability
    ...dent, although it remained recognized by the vast majority of contemporary authors. Since it spared the guest the burden of proving fault on the part of the i
    18 KB (2,774 words) - 13:41, 24 August 2021
  • Union Citizenship
    ...termine nationality, the ‘fathers’ of the Maastricht Treaty and most legal authors did not realize its importance in implying a mutual recognition of multiple
    18 KB (2,818 words) - 10:08, 28 September 2021
  • Representation (PIL)
    ...nevitable consequence of a separate conflicts rule. Thus, some continental authors also approve of the English solution. The majority, however, submit that a
    22 KB (3,414 words) - 13:05, 16 September 2021
  • Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten (ALR)
    ...Prussia. Legal literature, too, only slowly started to deal with the ALR. Authors writing on the ALR were foremost Wilhelm Bornemann, Christian Friedrich Koc
    20 KB (3,133 words) - 11:02, 14 September 2021
  • Incoterms
    ...have the character of national law, and do not apply automatically. Their authors did not and do not have the authority to enact binding law. Additionally, a
    25 KB (4,051 words) - 15:26, 19 August 2021
  • Juridical Act
    ...ozio giuridico'' appears to be the most prominent example. Via the Italian authors, the doctrine of juridical act found its way also into Spanish legal writin
    22 KB (3,408 words) - 15:36, 14 October 2021
  • Strict Liability
    The authors of the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) declined to subscribe to a ge
    21 KB (3,289 words) - 11:47, 23 September 2021
  • Specific Performance
    ...e’ remedy, thereby treating specific performance with greater favour. Some authors even see a reversal of rule and exception on the horizon. This tendency is
    24 KB (3,858 words) - 09:32, 23 September 2021
  • Contractual Terms, Subsequent Determination
    ...of the parties’ intentions. The similarity of both mechanisms has led many authors to suggest a (partial) application of the rules developed for arbitration p
    25 KB (4,050 words) - 13:13, 10 August 2021
  • Private International Law (PIL)
    ...e, however, the vicinity of PIL and international law has been stressed by authors who point out the character of private international law as defining the te
    24 KB (3,647 words) - 17:35, 15 September 2021
  • Product Liability
    ...but introduce strict liability for enterprises which is, according to its authors, not in competition with the Product Liability Directive. Similar to the Ge
    24 KB (3,664 words) - 17:51, 15 September 2021
  • Good Faith
    ...e of the European ''ius commune''. Beginning in the 16th&nbsp;century, the authors of the French ''ancien droit'','' ''in contrast, emphasized that all contra
    21 KB (3,298 words) - 12:08, 19 August 2021
  • Sale of Goods, International (Uniform Law)
    ...ate them nonetheless into their contracts because of their usefulness. The authors of these instruments have no formal legitimation to enact law; they have to
    24 KB (3,867 words) - 15:48, 16 September 2021
  • Acquis Principles
    ...eductive and objective method. In many stages of the drafting process, the authors of the ACQP had to resort to their own academic persuasions and assessments
    26 KB (4,102 words) - 16:57, 5 October 2021
  • Holy Roman Empire
    ...s leading to the incorporation of Austria into the Third Reich, only a few authors pointed to the Empire as an example of a pan-German state comprising both P
    20 KB (3,019 words) - 10:39, 7 October 2021
  • Russian Civil Code
    ...d been taught and practised during the time of the Soviet Union, since the authors of the legislative proposals and other leading contemporary Russian jurists
    24 KB (3,711 words) - 14:04, 16 September 2021
  • Package Travel Contracts (Package Tours)
    ...between operator and mere agent tends to be blurred. In this respect, the authors of the directive will have the prerogative of assessment and will need to p
    23 KB (3,424 words) - 18:00, 14 September 2021
  • European Internal Market
    ...le|‘country of origin’ principle]] to services and to establishment. Legal authors insisted on this principle containing a ‘hidden conflict rule’, which l
    24 KB (3,670 words) - 14:44, 17 August 2021
  • Historical School
    ...fied with regard to other scholars of Jhering’s generation, and to earlier authors like Puchta (to whom Jhering had referred as a model and source of inspirat
    26 KB (4,043 words) - 14:29, 19 August 2021
  • Reception
    ...porting state. Yet historical evidence for this hypothesis is sparse; most authors, for example, expressly deny any causal nexus between economic efficiency a
    25 KB (3,914 words) - 11:07, 16 September 2021
  • Polish Civil Code
    ...as the most important achievement of modern Polish legislation. Among its authors one should mention in the first place: the Lviv professors Ernest Till (184
    23 KB (3,546 words) - 11:20, 7 October 2021
  • Competition Rules (Applicability)
    Legal authors discuss the question whether the ‘entities’ which pursue an economic ac
    29 KB (4,456 words) - 09:57, 7 October 2021
  • Reichsoberhandelsgericht (with Reichsgericht)
    ...G has preserved until today. It is somewhat irritating, however, that many authors give decisions from the time of the ''Third Reich'' the same authority as e
    27 KB (3,630 words) - 12:18, 16 September 2021
  • Block Exemption Regulations
    ...ight for an undertaking to lawfully enter (and fulfil) an agreement). Some authors in legal literature argue that block exemption regulations under the new sy
    34 KB (4,956 words) - 17:31, 9 August 2021
  • Parentage
    ...t be a match between genetic and legal paternity or maternity has led some authors to make a terminological distinction between the notion of parentage (which
    29 KB (4,544 words) - 11:02, 15 September 2021
  • Stock Corporation
    a)&nbsp;Influential authors of the 19th&nbsp;and early 20th&nbsp;centuries, such as Johann Caspar von O
    27 KB (3,831 words) - 10:30, 23 September 2021
  • Financial Supervision
    ...rules of conduct in supervisory law and in private law. Accordingly, many authors characterize the relevant rules as protective rules in the sense of §&nbsp
    32 KB (4,853 words) - 13:08, 18 August 2021

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