Keyword Entries A–Z
From Max-EuP 2012
Keyword entries can be retrieved from the following alphabetical list. The search field in Max-EuP 2012 also opens up full-text search options known from platforms such as Wikipedia. For further information, see the tips on “How to use”.
Integration of the print version’s tables was not possible for Max-EuP 2012. However, the listings of abbreviations, court rulings, legal sources, and also the index are available as PDF files identical to the print version.
- Abuse of Law
- Abuse of a Dominant Position
- Accounting
- Acquis Principles
- Acquisition of Ownership from a Non-Owner
- Acquisition of Title by Operation of Law
- Adoption
- Advertising (Human Medicines)
- Advertising (Tobacco Products)
- Advertising, Comparative
- Air Transportation
- Air Transportation (Contractual Liability)
- Air Transportation (Third-Party Liability)
- Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB)
- Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (ADHGB)
- Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten (ALR)
- Anticipatory Breach
- Arbitration (International)
- Arbitration Law (National)
- Artist’s Resale Right (Droit de Suite)
- Assignment
- Association
- Association Agreements
- Auditor
- Authority of Agents
- Bank Transfers (Cross-Border)
- Banking Law
- Banking Law (International)
- Benelux
- Block Exemption Regulations
- Board
- Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW)
- Business Judgment Rule
- Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)
- Canon Law
- Capacity
- Capital Markets Law
- Capital Markets Law (International)
- Carriage of Goods by Road
- Carriage, Contract of
- Causation
- Certificate of Inheritance
- Change of Circumstances
- Characterization
- Charter Party
- Child Law (International)
- Child Protection
- Chinese Law, Influence of European Private Law
- Choice of Court Agreements
- Choice of Law by the Parties
- Civil Status Registration
- Civil and Commercial Matters
- Co-Determination
- Code Civil
- Code Européen des Contrats (Avant-Projet)
- Code Unique
- Code de Commerce
- Codice Civile
- Codification
- Cohabitation
- Collective Labour Agreements
- Collective Litigation
- Collective Redundancy
- Collision at Sea
- Commercial Agents
- Commercial Law
- Commercial Practices, Aggressive
- Commercial Practices, Misleading
- Common Frame of Reference (CFR)
- Common Law
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
- Community Design
- Community Trade Mark
- Company Agreement
- Company Law
- Company Law (Enforcement)
- Company Law (International)
- Company Transformations, Corporate Divisions, Mergers
- Comparative Law
- Competition (Internal Market)
- Competition Law
- Competition Law (International)
- Competition Law (Private Enforcement)
- Competition Law (Procedure)
- Competition Law (Relationship between European and National Law)
- Competition Law (Sanctions)
- Competition Rules (Applicability)
- Competition between Legal Systems
- Compulsory Insurance
- Compulsory Portion
- Computation of Time Limits
- Concurrent Claims
- Condition and Time Term
- Conditions of Employment (Information)
- Conflicts of Interest
- Connecting Factors (PIL)
- Consultation and Agreements between Management and Work-Force
- Consumer Contracts (PIL)
- Consumer Credit (Regulatory Principles)
- Consumers and Consumer Protection Law
- Contract
- Contract (Formation)
- Contract for Work and Labour
- Contract in Favour of a Third Party
- Contracts of Inheritance and Joint Wills
- Contractual Obligations (PIL)
- Contractual Terms, Subsequent Determination
- Contributory Negligence (Contributory Conduct or Activity)
- Copyright
- Corporate Governance
- Corporate Group Law
- Corpus Juris Civilis
- Council and the European Council
- Council of Europe (Harmonization of Private Law)
- Council of Europe (Institutional Aspects)
- Country of Origin Principle
- Culpa in Contrahendo
- Cultural Property
- Currency
- Custodian’s Liability
- Código Civil
- Damages
- Database Protection
- Delay in Payment
- Deposit
- Devolution of the Inheritance/ Universal Succession
- Directive
- Discharge by Performance and its Surrogates
- Disclosure
- Discrimination
- Discrimination (Contract Law)
- Discrimination (Employment Law)
- Discrimination (General)
- Disgorgement of Profits
- Distance Contracts
- Divorce
- Domicile
- Donation
- Doorstep Selling
- Duress
- E-Commerce
- EC Treaty
- EU Consumer Credit Law
- EU Private Law
- EU Treaty
- Economic Analysis of European Private Law
- Employment Contracts, Individual (PIL)
- Employment Protection
- Environmental Liability
- Equity
- European Banking Market
- European Central Bank
- European Civil Code
- European Civil Procedure
- European Commission
- European Community
- European Company (Societas Europaea)
- European Constitution
- European Cooperative (Societas Cooperativa Europaea)
- European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
- European Court of Justice (ECJ)
- European Economic Constitution
- European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG)
- European Family Law (PIL)
- European Foundation
- European Internal Market
- European Judicial Network in Civil and Commercial Matters
- European Labour Law
- European Law Institute (ELI)
- European Legal Policy
- European Parliament
- European Passport
- European Patent
- European Private Company (Societas Privata Europaea)
- European Private Law
- European Union
- European Works Council
- Evasion of Law
- Evidence (International)
- Exchanges
- External Competence of the EU
- Factoring
- Fair Trial
- Family
- Family Home
- Family Law (International)
- Feudal Law
- Financial Analyst
- Financial Collateral
- Financial Instruments
- Financial Intermediary
- Financial Supervision
- Foreign Law (Application)
- Foreign Law (Ascertainment)
- Formal Requirements
- Forwarding Contract
- Foundation
- Franchising
- Fraud
- Free Movement of Capital and Payments
- Free Movement of Goods
- Free Movement of Services
- Free Movement of Workers
- Freedom of Association
- Freedom of Contract
- Freedom of Establishment
- Freedom of Testation
- Fundamental Freedoms (General Principles)
- Gender
- General Court of the European Union (GC)
- General Part
- General Principles of Law
- Germanic Codes (Germanenrechte)
- Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH)
- Good Faith
- Gratuitous Transactions
- Gratuitous Use
- Greek Civil Code
- Groupe Européen de Droit International Privé
- Guarantee, Independent
- Guardianship of Adults
- Guardianship of Minors
- Habitual Residence
- Hague Conference on PIL
- Hanseatic League and Pre-Modern Commercial Law
- Harmonization of Procedural Law
- Hedge Funds
- Historical School
- Holy Roman Empire
- Human Rights and Fundamental Rights (ChFR and ECHR)
- Humanism
- Illegality of Contracts
- Impossibility, Initial
- Improvement of Another’s Property
- Incoterms
- Indemnity Insurance
- Indicia of Seriousness
- Industrial Design Law
- Information Obligations (Consumer Contracts)
- Information Obligations (Employment Contracts)
- Information Obligations (Insurance Contracts)
- Information Society, Copyright Law
- Inheritance, Acceptance and Disclaimer
- Inland Waterway Transport
- Innkeepers’ Liability
- Insider Dealing
- Insolvency
- Insolvency (Corporate)
- Insolvency, Cross-Border
- Institutional Textbooks
- Insurance Contract Law (International)
- Insurance Contracts
- Insurance Intermediaries
- Insurance Regulation
- Intellectual Property
- Intellectual Property (Enforcement)
- Intellectual Property (Exhaustion of Rights)
- Intellectual Property (PIL)
- Intellectual Property and Restraints of Competition
- Interest
- Intermediated Securities
- Internal Market (Insurance)
- International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- International Commission on Civil Status (CIEC)
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
- International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- Interpretation of Contracts
- Interpretation of EU Law
- Interpretation of International Uniform Law
- Interpretation of Statutes, History of
- Invalidity
- Investment Funds
- Investor Protection
- Islamic Countries, Influence of European Private Law
- Islamic Law
- Ius Commune
- Japanese Law, Influence of European Private Law
- Judge-Made Law
- Juridical Act
- Jurisdiction (PIL)
- Jurisdiction of Domestic Courts (Public International Law)
- Laesio Enormis
- Latin America, Influence of European Private Law
- Law of Names
- Law of Torts/Delict, General and Lex Aquilia
- Lease
- Leasing
- Legacies
- Legal Aid
- Legal Capital
- Legal Culture
- Legal Families
- Legal History
- Legal Instruments of the EU (Others)
- Legal Profession
- Legal Scholarship
- Legislative Competence of the EU
- Letter of Credit
- Lex Mercatoria
- Liability Insurance
- Liability of Heirs
- License Agreements
- Lis Pendens
- Loan
- Maintenance
- Management of Another’s Affairs without a Mandate (Negotiorum Gestio)
- Mandatory Disclosure (Securities Markets)
- Mandatory Law
- Mandatory Law (Basic Features of Regulation in European Private Law)
- Mandatory Law (Fundamental Regulatory Principles)
- Marine Pollution (Compensation)
- Marital Agreements
- Maritime Law
- Maritime Transport (Contracts of Carriage of Goods)
- Maritime Transport (Contracts of Carriage of Persons)
- Maritime Transport (Global Limitation of Liability)
- Market Manipulation
- Markets for Financial Instruments
- Marriage
- Matrimonial Property Law
- Mediation
- Merger Control
- Mergers and Acquisitions
- Mistake
- Mixed Legal Systems
- Mora Creditoris
- Multimodal Transport
- Natural Law
- Negotiable Instruments (Cheques & Bills of Exchange)
- Non-Contractual Obligations (PIL)
- Non-European Legal Systems, Influence of European Private Law
- Non-Pecuniary Loss
- Non-Performance
- Notary Public
- Notification Requirement (Commercial Sales)
- Occupational Pensions
- Ombudsman
- Ordonnances
- Overriding Mandatory Provisions
- Package Travel Contracts (Package Tours)
- Pandektensystem
- Parentage
- Parental Responsibility
- Partnership
- Patent Law
- Penalty Clauses
- Pension Funds
- Performance and its Modalities
- Personal Law
- Personality Rights
- Piercing the Corporate Veil
- Plant Variety Protection
- Plurality of Creditors
- Polish Civil Code
- Possession
- Posting of Workers
- Precautionary Obligations (Insurance Contracts)
- Precedent, Rule of
- Prescription
- Price Indication
- Price Reduction
- Principle of Effectiveness
- Principle of Proportionality
- Principles of European Contract Law (PECL)
- Principles of European Family Law (PEFL)
- Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)
- Principles of European Tort Law (PETL)
- Private International Law (PIL)
- Private Limited Company (England and Wales)
- Private Rule-Making and Codes of Conduct
- Product Liability
- Professional Liability
- Prohibition of Restrictive Agreements and Exemptions
- Promise, Unilateral
- Property
- Property Law (International)
- Property Rights, Protection of
- Prospectus Liability
- Protection of Adults
- Provisional Measures
- Public Policy
- Public Procurement Law
- Punitive Damages
- Railway Transportation
- Rating Agency
- Real Property Security (Eurohypothec)
- Reception
- Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
- Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
- Recurring Obligations
- Regulation
- Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court)
- Reichsoberhandelsgericht (with Reichsgericht)
- Related Rights (Copyright)
- Release
- Renvoi
- Reparation in Kind
- Representation
- Representation (PIL)
- Restatements
- Restitution in Case of Undue Transfer
- Right of Retention
- Right of Withdrawal
- Risk, Transfer of
- Roman Law
- Roman-Dutch Law
- Russian Civil Code
- SEPA Direct Debits
- Sale
- Sale of Consumer Goods
- Sale of Goods, International (Conflicts of Laws)
- Sale of Goods, International (Uniform Law)
- Sales (Forms of Distribution)
- Sales Promotion in the Internal Market
- Salvage
- Same-Sex Relationships
- Scandinavia, Harmonization of Law
- Scholastic Jurisprudence
- Scottish Private Law
- Security Interests in Transport Vehicles
- Security Rights in Movable Assets
- Service Contracts
- Service of Documents
- Set-Off
- Ship Sale and Purchase
- Simulation
- Socialist Law
- Software Protection (Copyright and Patent Law)
- Solidary Obligations
- Sources of European Private Law
- Specific Performance
- Stadtrechte (Town Laws)
- Standard Contract Terms
- State Aid Law
- State Undertakings in Competition Law
- Stock Corporation
- Strict Liability
- Study Group on a European Civil Code
- Subrogation
- Succession Law
- Succession Law (International)
- Succession upon Death
- Succession, Subsequent
- Supplementary Performance
- Suretyship (Ius Commune)
- Suretyship (Modern Law)
- Swiss Civil Code (ZGB)
- Swiss Code of Obligations (OR)
- Takeover Law
- Termination of a Contract
- Testamentary Execution
- Timeshare Contracts
- Trade Mark Law
- Transfer of Contract
- Transfer of Obligation
- Transfer of Title (Movable Goods)
- Transfer of Undertakings
- Transparency
- Transport Documents
- Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
- Trusts
- Turkish Civil Code and the Turkish Code of Obligations
- UNCITRAL
- UNIDROIT
- UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)
- Undue Influence
- Unfair Competition
- Unfair Competition (Basic Principles)
- Unfair Competition (Consequences)
- Unfair Competition and Freedoms of Movement
- Uniform Law
- Unilateralism (PIL)
- Union Citizenship
- Unjustified Enrichment
- Unsolicited Goods
- Unwinding of Contracts
- Usus Modernus
- Utility Model
- Vertical Agreements in EU Competition Law
- Verwirkung (Estoppel)
- Vicarious Liability
- Wills
- Working Time
- Works Council
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- No matches found
Retrieved from Keyword Entries A–Z – Max-EuP 2012 on 23. September 2025.
Terms of Use
The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, published as a print work in 2012, has been made freely available in 2021 as an online edition at <max-eup2012.mpipriv.de>.
The materials published here are subject to exclusive rights of use as held by the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law and the publisher Oxford University Press; they may only be used for non-commercial purposes. Users may download, print, and make copies of the text files being made freely available to the public. Further, users may translate excerpts of the entries and cite them in the context of academic work, provided that the following requirements are met:
- Use for non-commercial purposes
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